The Northeast Parense mesoregion, Bragantina microregion, where the municipality of Igarapé-Açu is located, has undergone intense transformations throughout history linked to the capitalist logic of development and production. Drained by a hydrography of abundant water bodies and being a municipality originally led by family farming, landscape transformations occurred with the establishment of activities such as palm oil monoculture, livestock farming and urban expansion. Thus, the objective of this research was to analyze the socioenvironmental quality of the municipality of Igarapé-Açu, based on changes in the landscape dynamics caused by oil palm cultivation, and as secondary objectives, the quality of water and air was investigated, and the results were compared with the provisions of current legislation. The methodology was carried out through two analyses: Experienced analysis and close-up analysis. The analysis experienced, fulfilling the social vision of the study, was based on the Modern Oral History methodology, with qualitative analysis through the Content Analysis methodology. Oral records were recorded, transcribed and coded based on 2 questionnaires. The reports were related to data found in the field (close analysis) of air and water quality in two streams with sociocultural relevance, within an urban-rural perspective. Thus, guiding the hypothesis that landscape transformations cross communities and put at risk not only the environmental factors of their environments, but also their practices and activities based on sociocultural heritage. The results reported in the composition of the Oral History confirmed that the transformations are perceived by the community over the years, and that this fact is felt not only in the change in the water quality of the streams, but also changes in habits, customs and work related to the well-being of the community. Thus, highlighting that the historical and pretentiously designed activities, by the big capital, for the Amazon, do not dialogue with the real experiences and needs of the Amazonians.

Studies of traditional communities in Brazil have been widely discussed and publicized. Taking as a basis the Quilombo Remaining Communities (CRQ's), this research collected information specifically from the quilombos of Saint Quitéria and Itacoãzinho, located in the municipality of Acará in the interior of the State of Pará. In this way, the study was structured into 2 articles that They were divided as follows: Initially, in order to characterize the quilombola communities and their customs, it was based on socioanthropological studies and aspects of ethnography, using some tools of this methodology to identify the construction of these quilombos and their experiences. Therefore, 6 quilombolas were chosen to be interviewed, aged between 21 and 73 years old, in addition, recordings and photographic records were carried out. All information was systematized and analyzed. The residents' statements proved the importance of conserving these quilombos, and showed that despite being regularized communities, they still face several problems. In the second stage, we sought to identify the degree of environmental health of these CRQs, considering that few studies address rural sanitation, mainly in quilombola communities. In this way, 40 questionnaires were prepared and applied in the CRQ of Santa Quitéria, and 37 in the CRQ of Itacoãzinho. The method used in this second article was the Rural Environmental Health Index (ISARural), which was adapted to the local reality, all information from the questionnaires was computed and calculated using Excel. According to the analysis of the information, it is possible to diagnose the level of healthiness of both communities, where the CRQ of Saint Quitéria obtained “Average Healthiness” and CRQ of Itacoãzinho “Low Healthiness”. It is concluded that quilombos need investment in several areas, especially with regard to environmental sanitation services.

The amazon region has a vast water reserve, characterized by rivers that exhibit
characteristics suitable for the construction of dams. However, this intervention
results in significant changes in hydrological behavior. Studies on the quality of water
bodies are increasingly essential to understand the potential impacts of human
activities on sanitation and the environment. In this context, studies were carried out
to evaluate the water quality of the reservoir at the Tucuruí Hydroelectric Plant (UHT)
in Pará, considering its environmental relevance and the impacts of the construction
of the dam on the river. The main objective was to evaluate the water quality of the
UHT reservoir through physical-chemical parameters, using different tools and
indices, such as the Water Quality Index (IQA) and the Trophic State Index (IET).
Data collection took place in the database of the Secretariat of Environment and
Sustainability of the State of Pará, during the years 2019 to 2023, at different points of
the reservoir, during rainy and dry periods. Data were analyzed using descriptive
statistics, creation of graphs and tables, non-parametric Wilcoxon test, spatial
interpolation and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results revealed
significant seasonal variation in water quality. During the rainy season, an increase in
turbidity was observed upstream, with lower values of temperature and dissolved
oxygen within the UHT. On the other hand, in the dry season, these parameters
reached their maximum average values. The IQA indicated higher values within the
reservoir in both periods. The Trophic State Index (IET) was also evaluated, which
indicated that the environment can be classified as oligotrophic, characterized by
nutrient poverty and a low rate of matter production. organic. It is important to
highlight that these results were within the limits established by CONAMA resolution
357/2005, ensuring compliance with established quality standards. Statistical analysis,
mainly through PCA, allowed a good correlation in the identification of groups of
sampling points, downstream, upstream and inside the UHT. These tools are crucial
for understanding the impacts of hydroelectric plants on aquatic ecosystems,
especially in sensitive regions such as the Amazon. It is concluded that the water
quality of the UHT reservoir is affected by seasonal factors and the damming of the
river, but remains within acceptable standards. However, it is crucial to continue
monitoring water quality and its environmental impacts in order to ensure the
sustainability of aquatic ecosystems in the region.

In the tropical regions of the Americas, Malaria is an endemic disease that shows a growth pattern in relation to the rest of the world, with relevance to countries like Venezuela, Colombia and Brazil, with its occurrence in the latter country being almost restricted to the so-called Legal Amazon. It is the main focus of malaria in Brazil, responsible for 99.8% of the cases, where a series of factors combined favor the transmission of the disease and hinder the use of standard control procedures, contributing to the continuity of epidemic foci in the region. Research aimed at clarifying the dynamics of the disease, its differences in spatial levels, determinants and ecoepidemiological factors are essential for the elucidation of causal factors and contribute to the implementation of public policies, facilitating and assisting the measures to combat and control. In this aspect the present work aims to analyze the cases of malaria in the Legal Amazon, notified in the Information System for Epidemiological Surveillance of Malaria (Sivep-Malaria), in the first two decades of the 21st century (2003-2018), demonstrating the occurrence, distribution and related species. During the period from 2003 to 2018 all states that make up the Legal Amazon area presented records of malaria cases, with a record of 6,017,752 cases during the 16 years studied. The states of Maranhão, Roraima, Amapá, Tocantins and Mato Grosso had the lowest incidence of the disease, while the states of Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia and Acre had a high number of cases, with Amazonas and Pará standing out (2,081,231 and 1,460,252 cases, respectively). Two phases were observed, initially a general trend of increasing notifications extending until 2005, followed by a period of reduction and stabilization extending until 2016. P. vivax was the most recurrent species (4,455,807 cases), we also observed distribution patterns with areas of overlap between species (P. vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae), and low occurrence for P. ovale (66 cases) with main focus in the states of Pará (27 cases) and Amazonas (16 cases).

Ethnobiological studies can be divided into strands to better encompass the various biotic phenomena, given that, the strand that stands out in the development of this research is Ethnopharmacology from the perspective of urban agroecosystems. The research was carried out in urban backyards in the municipality of Soure, Ilha do Marajó, Pará. Interviews were carried out with the help of forms in order to investigate socioeconomic issues, characteristics of backyards and identify species of plants used for medicinal purposes. At the same time, guided tours were carried out to collect biological material when possible. The data were tabulated in electronic spreadsheets and the collected plants were identified through scientific names and herborized in the Marlene Freitas da Silva herbarium (MFS) of the University of the State of Pará. 80 interviews were carried out, most of which were represented by low-income women between 40-80 years of age, with education up to basic education. 67 species were identified and it was observed that there was a difference in the plants mentioned in each neighborhood. In general, the “Boldo” (Plectranthus ornatus Codd) obtained greater relative importance, while the body system with the highest consensus factor among informants refers to blood diseases and hematopoietic organs. With this, it was possible to understand the relationship of the interviewees with their backyards and the medicinal plants grown in them, in addition to identifying the most mentioned species with therapeutic potential.

The herbaceous species Acmella oleracea (Asteraceae), popularly known as jambu, is a plant of great nutritional and pharmacological importance in the Amazon region. It is used in various forms of food and is used in ethnopharmacology to treat toothache, malaria, hepatitis, and fever. This work reports on the seasonal influence and different extraction methods on the content, chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxic effect of essential oils and volatile concentrates from inflorescences and leaves of Acmella oleracea. The species was observed in the metropolitan region of Belém in Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil, and monitored from May to September 2022 with three bimonthly collections in the rainy, transition, and dry seasons. For the seasonal evaluation, inflorescences were observed by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus for 3 hours, and the oils obtained were tested against the DPPH free radical ingestio inhibition test. In the comparative study between capture methods, inflorescences and leaves of the sample were tested by hydrodistillation (HD), steam distillation (AV), and simultaneous distillation-extraction (DES), and the oils with the highest yield had their antioxidant resources assessed by the β-carotene method /linoleic acid and evaluated against three cancer cell lines and one healthy one. In the seasonal study, it was possible to identify a higher oil yield in the rainy season (May) with 1.61%, and the lowest was the dry one (September) with 0.68%, while in the comparative evaluation, the highest yield was with the inflorescences per hydrodistillation (0.68%) and steam distillation (0.5%). During the studies, the class of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons was predominant, and the main constituents of A. oleracea were E-Caryophyllene, Caryophyllene oxide, 1- Pentadecene, Germacrene D, Myrcene, β-Pinene and Spilanthol. The antioxidant capacity was considered low compared to DPPH and moderate in the βcarotene/linoleic acid system. The species showed in vitro cytotoxicity against gastric ascites cells, lung carcinoma, melanoma, and the healthy embryonic kidney lineage. Although there are some changes in the levels of chemical components in the essential oils of A. oleracea, the species can be considered an alternative source of cannabinoid compounds such as E-Caryophyllene and Caryophyllene oxide, as they are the main constituents in the seasonal study as well as in the study on the different extraction methods, in addition to presenting levels of other bioactive molecules of ecological and mainly pharmacological importance, which makes Acmella oleracea a cytotoxic species with real perspectives for the future development of antineoplastic herbal medicines.

With almost 35 years of existence, some Extractive Reserves (RESEX) present difficulties in achieving their expected results. This study evaluated the socioeconomic and environmental conditions of the Ipaú-Anilzinho Extractive Reserve (RESEX - IA), created in 2005, in the municipality of Baião, state of Pará. Semi-structured forms were applied to residents in four communities. Furthermore, the dynamics of deforestation and land use and coverage were evaluated in 15 years before and after its creation, based on data from monitoring projects. Two communities did not have active education and health structures. Of the agroextractive activities, most residents who generated income from these activities earned, at most, 1/2 minimum wage per month. The average monthly family income was R$1,564.88, while the average monthly per capita family income was R$468.00. Deforestation recorded in the period after the creation of RESEX – IA was reduced by around 10 times, when compared to the previous period, and there was an increase in forest areas (primary + secondary) as the main class of land use and cover. We concluded that the reduction of deforestation and the maintenance of forested areas are positive points for the environmental protection of the study area, however some residents needed maintenance and improvement of community living conditions. Therefore, concrete public policies that guarantee socioeconomic compensation for all communities in an equal manner and consistent with their peculiarities and that are capable of promoting socioeconomic development and the local way of life are essential to boost RESEX – IA on the path of its socioeconomic and socio-environmental objectives.

The study consisted of the analysis of public policies for urban mobility, foreseen in the master
plans of the capitals that are part of the Brazilian Eastern Amazon – Belém, state of Pará;
Macapá, state of Amapá; São Luís, state of Maranhão; Palmas, state of Tocantins; Cuiabá, state
of Mato Grosso. The research problem sought to answer how these public policies, aimed at
urban mobility, have been implemented in the five master plans. The investigations are justified
due to the understanding of the impact that urban mobility allied to public policies causes in the
quality of life of its users; in expanding the study of the right to the city, urban mobility, and
public policies, in collaborating with academic and scientific research, as well as in assisting
municipal public management, in possible changes in the wording in the master plans and/or in
the incidence points to be carried out as planned. The general objective of the study was to
discuss the right to the city, urban mobility, and public policies in the master plans of the five
state capitals of the Brazilian Eastern Amazon. The specifically objectives, identify public
policies for collective public transport; investigate the construction of new modes; evaluate the
application of public policies for bicycle transportation, regarding bicycle lanes and lanes; and
explain the legal protection of pedestrians in the master plans studied. For that, bibliographical,
documentary and field research were used with direct observation in the five capitals studied,
data analysis was carried out in a qualitative and quantitative way, with the use of images,
graphs, tables, charts, and location maps. It was found that depending on the subtopic discussed,
within urban mobility, be it buses, new modes, the cycling system or pedestrian walkability
conditions, there are common points between cities that need to be improved, providing greater
effectiveness to predictions brought in the master plan compositions, as well as there are articles
that are already being applied by the municipal public management in the reality of the urban
space of the cities studied, however, it is necessary that maintenance occurs in the goods offered
to its users, as in the case of the cycling system. In this way, the study brings visibility to the
applicability and guarantee of the right to the city, as a human right capable of directly
interfering in people's quality of life, highlighting at the end of each chapter what has been
applied and suggesting what needs to be revised by part of municipal public management, based
on existing forecasts in municipal legislation, which is in the master plan of each of the
researched capitals.

Basic sanitation works as an aid to promote the health and quality of life of the population, in addition to being related to various social and economic factors. This dissertation aimed to evaluate the relationship between basic sanitation indicators and the incidence of diseases in the states of the Eastern Amazon, based on the socioeconomic context and space-time analysis. The first article “Relationship between basic sanitation and socioeconomic indicators and the occurrence of acute diarrheal diseases in the states of the Eastern Amazon” aims to present a comparative study between basic sanitation and socioeconomic indicators and the incidence of Acute Diarrheal Diseases (ADD) in states of the eastern Brazilian Amazon. While the second article “Analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of leptospirosis and its correlation with basic sanitation in the states of the eastern Brazilian Amazon” aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of leptospirosis in the states of the eastern Brazilian Amazon and its relationship with the conditions of basic sanitation. For this purpose, official data referring to indicators of basic sanitation and occurrences of acute diarrheal diseases and leptospirosis for the states of the Brazilian Eastern Amazon were used. Statistical correlation and space-time analysis were also applied as a means of data evaluation. Both articles demonstrated that the states of the Eastern Amazon have different levels of coverage regarding basic sanitation indicators and that, the greater the precariousness of these indicators, the greater the occurrence of diseases, which may also be influenced by socioeconomic indicators. The use of basic sanitation indicators, in association with the evaluation of socioeconomic indicators and spatial analysis, work as a tool for the systematic evaluation of the occurrence of diseases, as well as for defining priority areas for the application of services and public policies.

Basic sanitation is a right guaranteed by the Federal Constitution of Brazil. With a view to serving the population, progress in the implementation of public policies and the implementation of basic sanitation services in Brazil, the Regulatory Framework for Basic Sanitation was approved. In this sense, some important gaps lack research on this subject and the maintenance of public health and quality of life of Brazilian citizens still persist. Thus, we sought to gather data necessary for a complete diagnosis of the current situation of basic sanitation in the city. Thus, the above, this research aimed to analyze the basic sanitation services and the release of untreated effluents in the Araguaia river in the city of Conceição do Araguaia-PA. As a result of this research it was possible to verify that the city of Conceição do Araguaia suffered significant social and environmental transformations in the last 38 years. Thus, it is concluded that after 126 years of foundation the city still does not have a basic sanitation system that meets its residents. The components of the sanitation of the city are in vulnerable situations and work below the possibility of ensuring the minimum quality of life to the population. The simulations obtained by the Streeter-Phelps equations indicate that the release of untreated effluent in the Araguaia river significantly altered the values of BOD5. It highlights the need for a holistic and multidisciplinary approach to address the environmental challenges of basic sanitation in the city of Conceição do Araguaia-PA. It is essential to invest in public policies and programs aimed at improving sanitary and environmental conditions in the city.

Vaccines are essential instruments that enable the control of many infectious diseases and the rate of mandatory vaccination coverage for children has been falling over time in Brazil. Decisions related to vaccination are often greatly affected by behavioral conduct, meanings and vaccine hesitancy. The latter has become a global phenomenon of risk to public health. In this context, the objective of this work was to analyze the trend in the historical series (2016 to 2022) of vaccination coverage in children under 9 years of age and records of vaccine-preventable diseases in this age group, in the city of Belém, Pará. To this end, a systematic review was carried out to analyze the relationship between vaccine hesitancy and the decline in vaccination coverage at national and international level. The stages of the study occurred in accordance with the main items of PRISMA. 446 studies on the topic were identified, 29 were selected for analysis, the majority of which were international in nature. The biggest influencer on vaccine hesitancy was concern about the side effects of the vaccine, in the trust model. Sociocultural, economic, political and geographic factors also had a significant influence on HV. Subsequently, research using a quantitative approach was carried out, analyzing the trend of the historical series (2016 to 2022) of vaccination coverage in children under 9 years of age and records of vaccine-preventable diseases in this age group, in the municipality of Belém, Pará. Data collection took place through the Immunization Program Evaluation Information System database – DATASUS. To calculate the values of the arithmetic mean, median, standard deviation (𝑥 ± ϭ) and simple linear regression, descriptive statistics were used. The data obtained from CV and cases of notified diseases were allocated in combinatorial graphs. The study presented a scenario of decline for all vaccines analyzed. BCG was the only vaccine with the coverage target achieved in two of the study years (2016 and 2018), and although the volume of immunized people was significant, there was a high rate of tuberculosis occurrence. There were also new outbreaks of measles. The vaccine is a key factor in the prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases; however, the vaccination coverage rate is not the only factor that influences the emergence of diseases, which also depend on factors such as vaccine hesitancy resulting from significations, migratory movements, and others. It is concluded that vaccine hesitancy is a public health problem; constant studies are needed to understand the factors that contribute to its existence and to develop interventions to reduce it, which consider the aspects involved and the specificities of each location.

Water is essential for living beings and is used for various purposes. Water security is
a major challenge for water management in Brazil, including quantity, quality and
infrastructure. Due to increasing difficulties in access and efficiency, alternative water
sources are being used more frequently, but can be subject to contamination. In
smaller cities and rural areas, lack of access to water and sanitation services increases
vulnerability to waterborne diseases. In view of the above, the objective of the study
was to analyze the water supply system and the quality of water for public supply
located in the community of São Francisco de Irituia, in the northeast of the state of
Pará. The dissertation is composed of two scientific articles, namely: i) characterization
of the water supply system in the São Francisco De Irituia community, Irituia – PA; and
ii) analysis of the quality of water for human consumption in the São Francisco de Irituia
community, northeast of the state of Pará. In the first study, qualitative exploratory
research was carried out to evaluate the efficiency of the infrastructure of the
community's water supply system. Irituia City Hall and the Autonomous Water System
supply water through six artesian wells and five distribution points, each system
supplies around 200 homes, but the system's conditions are precarious due to the lack
of maintenance and monitoring of water quality. The second article adopted a mixed
approach, using both quantitative methods to measure phenomena through laboratory
and statistical analyses, and qualitative methods. Physicochemical and microbiological
analyzes were carried out on water samples from a community. The pH and electrical
conductivity (EC) values were not in accordance with legislation in all samples, but the
other parameters were adequate. The microbiological analysis showed that only one
of the six points analyzed was suitable for human consumption, due to the absence of
total coliforms. The other points showed fecal contamination, with the presence of
Escherichia coli in two samples. In view of the above, it is necessary for management
to make repairs to buildings, expand systems to meet demand and continuously
monitor water quality. The efficient management of quality projects and works in water
supply and basic sanitation systems provides the necessary water security for
populations.

Ecosystem services can be defined as the functions that ecosystems perform and that
generate benefits to human society directly or indirectly. the term began to gain more
strength, after finding that more than 60% of ecosystem services are being degraded or
transformed, endangering the future human well-being. The Amazon Rainforest is
characterized by a huge diversity of environments. However, its spatial dynamics
emerged from a historical, socioeconomic and political process, involving different
forms of occupation and land use, where production systems can be highlighted in the
region, which reproduce the predominant model of land use imported from other
regions, based on the removal of natural vegetation cover and the non-valorization of
forest resources. Within this context is the marapanim river basin, located in the
Northeast Paraense mesoregion. Although this basin has become the target of much
research, there are still no studies that relate the environmental dynamics that occur in
the region in the context of ecosystem services as a research target. Thus, the present
study aimed to investigate the dynamics of changes in land use and cover within the
hydrographic basin and to identify how the provision of ecosystem services is being
impaired through the elaboration of two articles. The first article aimed to investigate
the dynamics of changes in land use and cover, as a consequence of deforestation,
analyzed through the PRODES project, for the opening of areas intended for
agriculture and pasture activities, mainly, and to relate these pressures to possible
losses in the provision of water and derived ecosystem services through literary review.
The years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2019 were chosen to investigate the dynamics of
changes in the landscape through the MapBiomas project. At this point, it is perceived
that the regulatory and provision services are the most affected, being the moisture of
the forest and soil, evapotranspiration, temperature regulation, groundwater feeding,
water supply and food supply. The second article used the binary matrix methodology
that relates different classes of land uses and cover with different ecosystem services,
indicating the ability to provide these services from the different classes analyzed.
Thus, two reference years were analyzed with an approximate difference between
them of three decades, being 1990 and 2019, to evaluate the changes in the supply
capacity of eight ecosystem services, four of which were regulation and four of
provision. In addition, an increment was proposed to the methodology that allows the
spatialization of these changes, as well as the quantification, in terms of area, of the
balances of gains and losses in the offers of the analyzed services. The results
revealed that the regulatory services were the most affected, presenting high and very
high losses in the areas corresponding to the conversion of forest formation to pasture
areas, because these services present greater dependence on the forest formation of
the basin. On the other hand, cattle raising showed a very high gain, representing the
most favored ecosystem service in the dynamics of landscape changes in the study
area.

Technology has been a supportive aid in numerous problems of an environmental aspect, among them the disorderly production of solid waste arising from urbanization and social habits that are increasingly favorable to the consumption of industrialized products can be highlighted. And within this perspective, the use of information technologies are important positive action strategies against the demand of situations that demand action from society to reduce environmental problems. Therefore, this research aims, through technological tools, to propose the creation of an application as a way to reach society, especially residential condominiums, so that it can establish communication with collectors' cooperatives and thus properly dispose of the solid waste produced. To achieve the objective, a survey was carried out on existing applications available in the Android repository that are related to environmental issues, and in the second stage, namely, the idealization of the application, the municipality of Belém was delineated as a spatial cutout and for knowledge of the minimundo to be served and identification of gaps, technical visits with some cooperatives and representatives of the city hall were carried out. As a result, the general survey identified the growth of environmental applications in the last 5 years and, turning to Belém, the niche of residential condominiums has not been served by sustainable collection and the need to reach new partners is required by cooperatives, so the creation of an application that communicates these residential communities and cooperatives can bring benefits to both users, through an objective and intuitive system. It is thus concluded that once such application is implemented, cooperatives will be able to have new partners and consequently increase their income, and in return, condominiums will adopt more sustainable practices, instigating them to exercise habits such as selective collection.

The Amazon is the target of several scientific researches that seek to analyze the impacts of human occupation on vegetation cover. The main problems associated with this theme correspond to the growth of deforestation and the way to predict it. Therefore, the identification of land use and land cover types is fundamental for the
mitigation of environmental degradation, and through geotechnologies and statistical methods it is possible to understand the spatial and temporal dynamics in the landscape. The study aimed to map, quantify and analyze the changes in land use and cover in the Murucupi river basin, located in the municipality of Barcarena/PA. The dissertation consists of two scientific articles, namely: i) integration of remote sensing data for the recognition of features found on the surface of the basin associated with the expansion in the industrial and population structure over the years; and ii) identification of the fragility and integrity of land use and cover patterns, as well as their quantification in view of their conversion and persistence preferences, based on a transition matrix and satellite images. The development of this research took place through thematic mapping of the five classes found in the interior of the basin: water, urbanized area, exposed soil, secondary and forest vegetation. Where it was verified the intense advance of urbanized areas on the forest vegetation, causing several environmental impacts, such as the deforestation of more than 50% of the territory and the pollution of the soil and the Murucupi River by domestic and industrial waste. Forest vegetation was the class that showed the most vulnerability, with a tendency to lose areas to the others, unlike the anthropized area class that showed the greatest cumulative gain in area and aptitude for expansion in the basin. Spatially, fragments of forest vegetation are still found, mainly at the mouth of the Murucupi River, in areas of difficult access.

Culture and natural biodiversity are aspects that make up the Amazon. The study sought to understand the traditional knowledge and beliefs that involve the production of andiroba oil, to know the andirobeira woman and their longings in the face of the work she performs in Combu Island, Belém-PA. To perform the research, initially, ethical aspects were met with the signing of the Free and Informed Consent Form (TCLE), where those interested in participating in the study were invited to sign the document. The methodology was based on a qualitative approach. For data collection, semi-structured interviews were conducted, monitoring the activities and collecting samples of the oil produced, as well as botanical material of andiroba trees, which were identified by taxonomist of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Company (EMBRAPA) and deposited in the Herbarium Marlene Freitas da Silva (MFS) of the State University of Pará (UEPA). A marketing analysis was carried out in order to identify the weak and strong points of the extractivism value chain and value economic indicators. It was verified the awakening of andirobeiras about the production and commercialization of oil, due to the potential curative effect of the plant and the possibility of the work reaching visibility and generating income, because the extractivism of andiroba is perpetuated as cultural and family heritage due to the belief of women in the traditional knowledge passed on by their ancestors. However, culture is in imminent threat of being forgotten, because the use of andiroba on the island is restricted to the family environment in possible cases of illness, and the lack of an organized production and marketing structure, limit the acquisition of a more satisfactory financial return. In this sense, the diversification of production with the elaboration of cosmetics based on the plant and the creation of the Association of Extractive Women of Combu, envision the organization of the value chain of extractivism, the financial return without damage to the environment and the valorization of culture.

More than 20% of the world's total number of species are registered in Brazil and therefore is the country considered with the greatest biodiversity. The group of fundamental importance in this diversity is the Class Insecta, which is currently the dominant group of animals on Earth. Among the different insecta groups, the grasshoppers (Order Orthoptera) are influenced by habitats heterogeneity, which favors some species adaptation and, therefore, can be used as environmental bioindicators. The present work aimed to characterize and analyze the community of Acridomorpha grasshoppers distributed in Breves and Portel municipalities in the Marajó Mesoregion. The specimens collections were made in three areas with distinct vegetation formations: Closed Forest Area, Secondary Open Area, and Cultivated Vegetation Area. The first chapter, the paper evaluated the faunal measures of Relative Frequency (RF), Abundance (A), and Constancy (C) for Acridomorpha grasshoppers. In the second chapter, the paper studied the similarity of three vegetation formations based on the Ommatolampidinae fauna for the studied areas. The third chapter is related to the didactic and informative booklet about grasshoppers, which can be used in schools as paradidactic book. As a result of the first article, the Acrididae family was the most abundant both in Breves (96.1%) and Portel (87.7%). In both municipalities, most species were infrequent (Breves: 89.2%; Portel: 81.6%). In Breves were recorded the highest number of individuals (n = 1542, 63.4%) and the highest number of rare species (n = 13, 34.2%), while in Portel there was the highest number of minimal species (n = 16, 42.1%). Moreover, the species Abracris dialectal, Abracris flavolineata, Amblytropidia Trinitas and Orphulella sp. were considered predominant in both municipalities, with the highest faunal indices of the categories sampled. In the second article, the results pointed out that the Forest Vegetations in both cities were the most similar to each other (85.41%) and that there was a remarkable similarity between the Open and Cultivated Areas (71.98%). The Open Vegetation Areas showed higher abundance due to the high number of individuals collected. Among the species sampled in general, Clematodina eckarditiana stood out, being exclusive of the Forest Area; in the Open Areas, stood outthe species Abracris dialectal and Abracris. flavolineata.  As for the Cultivated Areas, the species Anablysis sp., Sitalces sp1. and Sitalces sp2. stood out for their records restricted in the municipality of Portal.The information generated in this study is unprecedented for the Marajó Mesoregion and consequently for the Amazon, because it contributes to a better understanding of the role of Acridomorpha grasshoppers in the region, which can be fundamental in biodiversity assessments and for the conservation of natural environments.

Climatic and anthropogenic pressures have caused serious environmental problems in recent decades. And the joint analysis of geoenvironmental variables through geoprocessing techniques can subsidize how much each environmental component is influencing Hydroenvironmental Fragility (FHA). The objective of this work was to analyze how much climatic phenomena and deforestation spatially impacted the FHA of the Gurupi River Watershed (BHG). Precipitation data from the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) were used; land use and land cover were obtained from the MapBiomas Project; drainage was purchased from the National Agency for Water and Basic Sanitation (ANA); the slope of the National Institute for Space Research (INPE); the soils of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA); the geomorphological units of the IBGE; and the CPRM rocks. For the mapping of the FHA, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was adopted in order to weight the importance of each variable, in four scenarios of extreme precipitation years (1989, 2012, 2015 and 2019). It was observed that spatial precipitation is considerably different in extreme years. Deforestation has increased over the years. The static geoenvironmental variables (Drainage, Slope, Soils, Geomorphological Units and Rocks) have larger domains of features that favor the increase of the FHA in the BHG. BHG's FHA showed significant differences in the analyzed scenarios. BHG needs environmental conservation policies and programs.

All forms of life on earth depend on water, as well as, for the development of numerous activities. Brazil has a greater representativeness in the world in relation to the availability of surface fresh water, however, the quality is not guaranteed and among the causes related to the compromised availability and quality of water, among which urbanization stands out. The city of Belém, capital of the State of Pará, is among the cities with the worst index of basic sanitation in the country. Thus, the Guamá River that borders and passes through urbanized regions is one of the main receivers of urban basins. These have environmental weaknesses, as they receive loads of domestic and industrial effluents. Thus, this research aimed to determine, in seasonal periods, the water quality of the Guamá River through the EIT and other physical-chemical and microbiological parameters. The collections took place in October and December following the collection and analysis criteria, respectively, of NBR 9898 Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater and Technical Standard L5.306 of CETESB for chlorophyll a. Despite this research being manifested in a timely manner, it is necessary to monitor for more effective measures aimed at the management and management of water resources, starting with the hydrographic basins that are vulnerable in the urban center. In addition, it is essential to promote actions to assist sewage collection and treatment in the city, as well as environmental education for the population in order to minimize the impacts generated by urbanization.

One of the ways to guarantee better socio-environmental conditions to the population is the implementation of public policies, thus, with regard to interests in the use of natural resources without compromising negative impacts on the environment, the challenges of guaranteeing sustainability with environmental management arise. Observing the great responsibility that the municipalities have on the conservation of biodiversity, it is essential that there is a strengthening of municipal environmental management. In this context, the study focused on socioenvironmental issues is relevant and provides subsidies to understand the dynamics of the Municipal Secretariats for the Environment of the micro region of Paragominas, southeastern Pará, making an analysis of the public policies implemented by these secretariats in the fight against environmental degradation. In view of this, the present work also analyzed an example of public policy carried out by the municipal environment department of the municipality of Rondon do Pará, located in the micro region of Paragominas in southeastern Pará, when developing a project for the restoration of riparian vegetation on the banks of the Ararandeua River, the main river in the municipality. Finally, a research was carried out in order to know the Environmental Education Policies developed in the micro region of Paragominas, seeking to understand how this theme has been addressed in these municipalities, as well as the various ways of inserting environmental education in actions promoted by the municipal secretariats. of education and municipal secretariats for the environment

Rabies is a zoonosis of great importance in both human and animal health, caused by a Lyssavirus virus that causes encephalitis whose course of the disease is usually fatal. The northeastern mesoregion of Pará, composed of 5 microregions totaling 49 municipalities, was chosen to assess the epidemiology of bovine rabies between 2006 and 2018. Secondary data such as laboratory results from Central Nervous System samples from cattle suspected of nervous syndrome, cattle ranching and deforestation were obtained from official government sources. For the analysis of these data, the Microsoft Excel® 2013 and BioEstat 5.3 programs were used. The results showed a greater number of cases in the Bragantina microregion, which is widespread among the municipalities in the Guamá and Tomé-Açú micro-regions. There was no record of the disease in the Salgado micro-region. The highest rates of rabies incidence coincided with the peaks of occurrence in the years 2007 and 2017 in the Bragantina and Guamá areas, suggesting cyclicality. Although rabies cases were concentrated in the rainiest season, it was not possible to confirm seasonality either in the municipality of Bragança or in the mesoregion as a whole. Cases of bovine rabies were more related to deforestation than to cattle ranching, although it is difficult to dissociate deforestation from the livestock issue. In the municipality of Bragança, there was a strong correlation between deforestation and livestock, indicating that these factors may be contributing to the occurrence of the disease in cattle in this location. Finally, the rabies virus circulates in most municipalities in the Northeast of Pará, demonstrating the need for improvements in the control of bovine rabies in this area of the Brazilian Amazon.

The mineral sector has been one of the main drivers of economic growth in the Northern Region of Brazil, especially in the state of Pará, the main producer and exporter of mineral substances in the region. In Brazil, this activity involves the payment of the Financial Compensation for the Exploration of Mineral Resources (CFEM), the so-called mining royalties, an important means of public collection within the mineral sector, which must be applied in favor of the local community, in improvement projects infrastructure, environmental quality, health and education. In this study, the municipalities that collect the most CFEM in the Brazilian Amazon were selected, in addition to a municipality affected by the logistics of the mining activity, to analyze the potential contribution of mineral royalties to their socioeconomic development. Microsoft Excel 2016 was used for data processing, and ArcMap 10.5 was used to prepare thematic maps. The results inform that the state of Pará, despite the large amounts collected with CFEM, presented the lowest development rates in the North Region in the period from 2011 to 2017, however, its main municipalities collecting CFEM, Parauapebas and Canaã dos Carajás, presented evolution in the development indices in the area of health, education, sanitation, except in the area of employment and income, which reinforces the need for vertical production projects for mineral production to increase the generation of employment and local income, and also the economic diversification of these municipalities in order to reduce dependence on mining activities and their royalties. The municipality of Barcarena, affected by port and pipeline operations, showed less potential for the contribution of mineral royalties to its socioeconomic development compared to the producing municipalities who receive the highest percentage of CFEM. One of the main difficulties found in this research was the lack of transparency in the use of CFEM by city halls, which makes social control of these resources difficult, which are not being adequately internalized by the municipalities. Therefore, a more effective management of mining royalties is necessary to promote sustainable local and regional development.

This dissertation addresses the Sustainable Public Procurement (CPS) as inducers of sustainable
national development, being increased in the act of purchasing criteria consistent with the
principles of Circular Economy (EC), being these purchases an essential process for the change
in production and consumption patterns making them conscious, purchase made by the
government in the face of its role as regulator and guarantor of access for all to a balanced
environment. This work is divided into two articles, these with the objective of analyzing the
purchases made by the Regional Labor Court of the 8th Region (TRT 8th Region) in the period
from 2016 to 2019, from the percentage spent on purchases that followed the sustainability
criteria analyzing this as a direct inducer in the change of consumption patterns and
sustainability in sustainable development, discuss theoretically the CPC as inducers of the
transitional process for a circular economy, having as unfolding the specific objectives that are
to analyze the complex characteristics shared between CPS and CPC and identify which
technical criteria of the CPS concluded by the Brazilian government have circularity bias. From
the work done it was possible to identify that the TRT 8th Region has invested its purchasing
power in the acquisition of goods with sustainable criteria, not only acquiring sustainable
products, but also more durable products with higher quality, making the CPS an investment
with long-term return, ensuring the agency's budgetary and financial management in a
sustainable way.

The urbanization of the Brazilian Amazon overcame infrastructure development and brought with it risks to the health of the population, through contamination of water bodies, changes in the landscape, which alter the region's hydrological cycle and promote the proliferation of disease vectors. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the sanitation conditions in states in the Brazilian Amazon and its relationship with socioeconomic and environmental indicators. The research had a descriptive and ecological character, based on secondary data, obtained through bibliographic and documentary research, collected on electronic platforms. The results show that Pará and Amazonas recorded the highest amounts of solid waste generation and also have the highest GDP among the states in the North region, occupying the 12th and 8th places in the national ranking, respectively. Pará had the highest average of hospitalizations for diseases related to inadequate environmental sanitation, with about 690/100 thousand inhabitants/year. Amazonas and Amapá recorded the lowest values, around 184 and 177/100,000 inhab./year, respectively, even below the national average, which was 229.2/100,000 inhab./year. Rondônia, Acre, Tocantins and Roraima added hospitalizations similar to the ones in the state of Pará. All seven states in the North region are urgently needed to expand sanitation, needing to increase the investment contribution by more than 50% to reach the goal. plansab universalization by 2033. This study offers an opportunity to contribute to understand that the northern region of the country does not follow the other states of Brazil, with regard to universal and equal access to sanitation.

The mangrove crab (Ucides cordatus Linnaeus, 1763) is one of the mangroves' most important socioeconomic resources, and this species is also of fundamental importance in nutrient cycling in the mangroves. However, its stocks have been declining along the Brazilian coast due to several anthropogenic factors. This study aimed to study the socioeconomic, ethnoecological knowledge and environmental perception of the uçá crab extractors in the municipality of Salvaterra, Ilha do Marajó, Pará, Brazil. For the selection of informants, we had the help of two key informants and the snowball technique. For data collection, interviews were applied with the aid of a semi-structured form, field notebook and non-participant observation, to measure the degree of perception of the crabs, the 5-point Likert scale was used. Statistical tests were applied to inform the ways in which socioeconomic variables can interfere in the interviewees' perception of the relationship with the mangrove crab and the mangrove. The results obtained show that 76.6% of respondents are from Salvaterra, with a monthly income obtained from the extraction of an average of R$ 558.85, with an average age of 42 years, 58.82% have completed elementary school. About 47.5% of the interviewees have characteristics that configure threat practices, creating a threat scenario for the sustainability of the uçá crab extraction in Salvaterra. As for the environmental perception about the uçá crab and mangroves, 52.9% have a perception, but some issues such as extraction during the species' reproductive season need to be improved. In view of the above, it is necessary to organize the uçá crab extraction process, as well as environmental education projects aimed at raising awareness of these collectors in relation to the mangrove and uçá crab.

In Southeast Pará, the process of diffusion and technological innovation is one of the alternatives for intensifying production in Settlement Projects, increasing productivity and reducing advances in the area of native forests. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the experience of innovation and technological diffusion, characterized by the insertion of new banana cultivars resistant to phytosanitary problems, as a way to reduce the advance of deforestation in the São Francisco Settlement Project, Southeast Pará, in a temporal universe comprised from 1990 to 2020. To do so, it first carried out a survey of deforestation in the study area through geoprocessing techniques, using remote sensing images and Geographic Information Systems. Subsequently, there was a crossing of deforestation rates with data referring to the historical context of insertion of new banana cultivars, raised from the documental analysis that involved the verification of data and documents from Embrapa and other official sources, as well as through contacts with producers and field visit to the study site. From 1990 to 2020 there was an estimated loss of 60% of forest cover in the PA São Francisco, representing about 5,000 hectares of vegetation converted to other uses. Crossing deforestation data and dates related to the historical context of insertion of new banana cultivars, even with the introduction of new cultivars as a way to reduce or contain deforestation, there was no effective reduction in the process, since that, in later years, the anthropized area increased and the native forest proportionally decreased. Logically, this increase in deforestation cannot be attributed only to the context of banana production, since an observed time series is also characterized by the cattle raising process in the Southeast of Pará and in the PA São Francisco itself. Despite this finding, a process of this diffusion process is highlighted, since the cultivars are still worked on in the study site. Thus, the importance of the integration and collaboration of public and private institutions and bodies that are articulated in the process of innovation and technological diffusion is highlighted; the need to know the reality of small producers in their work spaces and other public investments that actually intervene with methodologies and solutions for production over time.

Cooperatives have become an instrument of strength and socioeconomic organization for local communities in the face of capitalist modes of production, especially in the Amazon. The objective of this research was to identify the role of cooperatives for sustainability and the relationship between the way of working in cooperation. The study was carried out in two cooperatives in the municipality of Parauapebas and through field research, 21 cooperative members were interviewed, using forms containing questions about cooperatives, cooperative members and social, environmental and economic dimensions. Data were analyzed through organization in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets for information interpretation, grouping and production of graphs and tables. The results showed that the creation of cooperatives was motivated to meet production and mercantile needs and to strengthen the identity of farmers and artisans, given the socioeconomic changes in the place where they were inserted. In the socioeconomic sphere, cooperatives represent union, learning, improvements in production, income, adding value to products, professional and personal satisfaction, but they have some challenges related to transportation, lack of equipment and machinery, productive capacity (Cooper and "Mulheres de Barro”), expansion in the market, stability and difficulties in cooperative management (“Mulheres de Barro”). In the environmental dimension, it was identified that “Mulheres de Barro” performed better than Cooper, but in both there is the use of sustainable practices, as in Cooper with the use of permanent planting, soil protection and forest preservation on the properties of farmers and “Mulheres de Barro” with the use of renewable energy to dry the clay, reuse materials and recycling. This study showed that, in both, cooperative work contributes to local sustainability as it helps artisans and farmers to strengthen their activities, in addition to promoting the enhancement of their identities.

The global growth of urbanization causes ecological problems at different spatial scales: global, regional and local. One of the determining factors for the devastation of urban permanent preservation areas (APP's) is population pressure, often caused by migration and the implementation of large projects aimed at economic growth in the regions, thus, APP's are giving way to occupation human, without planning and without concern for the maintenance of this type of environment. Therefore, the main objective of this dissertation is to understand, in spatial and temporal terms, the occupation of APPs in urban rivers along the city of Marabá, state of Pará, using spatial data and geoprocessing and remote sensing tools. For this, a bibliographical research was carried out for the theoretical basis on the problem of APPs, analyzing the origin of the ecological function of protected areas, their role in the protection of water bodies in urban environments, as well as the evolution of legal provisions. The research, which has a qualitative, quantitative and bibliographic aspect, is organized into sub-themes that discuss about preservation areas in urban areas. land use and occupation with data provided by Mapbiomas.
Keywords:

This study interposes itself in contemporary debates on Public Policies and Indigenous Peoples. After the 1988 Constitution, social policies achieved evidence by obtaining institutional structure and resources. However, these practices were developed disregarding the phenomena and the global understanding of the different contexts in which indigenous peoples are inserted. The lack of holistic understanding leads to failures in the provision of care and protection practices to Indigenous Peoples. Thus, this work aims to analyze the state of the art of indigenous health and environmental policies in Brazil, considering the bibliographic productions and to generate an overview of the application of these policies. The study is exploratory and was produced qualitatively and quantitatively through a bibliographic survey in articles, information portals of the federal government, indigenous entities, international organizations and advice on Brazilian policies aimed at Indigenous Peoples related to health and the environment, since the colonial period up to the present time. It was possible to identify 147 health publications and 196 related to the environment, totaling 343 documents, distributed in 196 articles, 82 referring to indigenous health policies and 114 regarding environmental indigenous policies, the other publications are classified in the platforms such as doctoral theses, dossiers, master's dissertations and course completion papers, for example. It was noticed that indigenous policies aimed at increasing indigenous action and mobilization, anchored in the law and defense of the land, as well as other important demands, such as improvement health care and education. The Brazilian Federal Constitution, in art. 232, determines the recognition and respect for the social organization of the indigenous people and especially for the mother tongue. Convention 169 of the International Labor Organization (ILO) even protects the indigenous language, in order to preserve and promote its development and practice. In an attempt to strengthen this right, a basic Portuguese dictionary was created – Kayapó, an instrument that makes it possible to help professionals working in an intercultural context and as a possibility of preserving the Kayapó mother tongue for future generations.

Amazonian savannas have a predominance of grasses and variable density of trees and shrubs, high light intake and low humidity. In these places, bryophytes can provide important information on environmental quality, as they are sensitive to environmental fluctuations due to the absence of vascularization, epidermal cuticle and their poikilohydric nature. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the influence of seasonality and different environments on the structure of communities and on the reproductive structures of bryophytes in Park Savanna (PS) on Marajó Island. 60 plots of 100m² were also distributed in the dry/2016 and rainy/2017 season in five areas of PS. For community structure, the composition, density, richness and diversity of species between areas and seasons were tested, in addition to substrate colonization and light tolerance guilds. For reproductive strategies, we analyzed the influence of seasonality on the composition of species with monoicous and/or dioicous sexual system and on sexual and asexual reproductive structures in three areas of PS. The area was the main factor that influenced the composition, density, richness and diversity of bryophytes. The predominance of generalists and corticolous indicated that most species are tolerant of the adverse conditions of savannas and that the tree-shrub extract is strictly related to the permanence of bryophytes in savannas, respectively. The area and seasonality did not influence the composition of monoicous and dioicous species, however, the area significantly influenced the expression of sexual and asexual structures and the production of male and female gametangia (liverwort). As for sporophytes (mosses), seasonality was the determining factor in mature phenophase II (opening of sporophytes and dispersal of spores in the dry season). Therefore, it is believed that the micro-habitat of the different areas is the main factor that influences the structure of communities and the reproductive strategies of bryophytes, with the exception of sporophytes phenophase, influenced by seasonality.

The Amazon rainforest, the largest tropical forest in the world, holds one of the largest biodiversities and natural resources on the planet. In this way, conservation units were created in an attempt to protect these natural resources and ecosystem services associated with them. The UCs ensure the maintenance of a series of functions, the benefits of which are enjoyed by the population and economic sectors without realizing them. Considering such benefits, the term “ecosystem services” are the characteristics, functions or ecological processes that directly or indirectly contribute to human well-being. However, despite all the relevance of these services, there is still a scarcity of indicators that express their real benefits for human well-being. Therefore, the study in question aims to map ecosystem services and economic valuation according to the land use in the Reserva Biológica Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo, located in the state of Pará, from 1985 to 2017. The methodology chosen was based on in the study by Burkhard et al. (2009), in the changes in land use patterns of the classification carried out by the MapBiomas Project and valuation of ecosystem services using the Benefit Transfer method, using value coefficients of ecosystem goods and services obtained by de Groot et al. (2012) and Costanza et al. (2014). The results found showed a high supply potential in this area, mainly in natural areas and the loss in the provision of regulation and cultural services in altered areas and a decrease of more than 25 thousand hectares of forest formation despite presenting ups and downs during the analyzed period and a loss of more than US$ 130 million in relation to ecosystem services from 1985 to 2017, possibly due to the change in natural patterns of use within this conservation unit. It is concluded, therefore, that monitoring and valuation, in addition to indicating that the area has its ecosystem services threatened and need attention, attaches value to the benefits provided by the forest, as a way of stimulating the creation of public policies and sensitizing the community about the relevance of natural resources and intangible services provided by the forest, which are essential for the maintenance of the biome and for ensuring the quality of life of the population

The dissertation address questions related to sustainability applied to the management of solid waste in a supermarket located in the city of Belém, in the state of Pará. The objective was to analyze the reverse logistics (RL) and circular economy (CE) practices implemented in the company and how these activities corroborate for a sustainability establishment. The RL practices that promote the circularity of the management of plastic, cardboard and aluminum waste and organic bovine waste from the company's butcher shop were analyzed. A qualitative and quantitative approach was used to explore the retail chain in focus and the relationship with its surroundings. In the case of bone and fat residues generated by the supermarket's butcher, it was found that they are destined for the production of animal feed through a reverse logistics system, resulting in circularity of the material, as determined by the CE. During the evaluation period, 28,191 kg of organic waste from the butcher shop were collected and sold, generating a revenue of R$ 8654.60. Through the quantification of plastic, cardboard and aluminum residues, collected and directed to the reverse flow and the use of Material Imput (MI) calculation for indirect assessment of environmental impacts, it was verified that the recovery of these residues avoided the amount of 73,213 to the environment. kg, preventing 8,051,699.72 kg of abiotic and biotic material, water and air from being impacted by the production or irregular disposition of these materials. Furthermore, this process generated gross revenue of R$ 48,212.70. It was concluded that the RL system implemented in the supermarket is efficient and resulted in environmental gains due to the mitigation of impacts on the environment, economic gains from the sale of these materials for the recycling process and social gains due to the promotion of jobs and income related to established sustainability practices.

This study aimed to analyze the mining activity in the Brazilian Amazon, focusing on the state of Pará, discussing three socioeconomic and environmental scenarios of the mining Amazon and its complexities that hamper regional sustainability. For this analysis, data acquired through bibliographic, documentary research and websites of official agencies were used. As a statistical method, Principal Component Analysis, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis was used as well as the descriptive analysis, which was developed by the computational code Arcmap® and treated in Excel, which allowed to reveal, through maps, tables and graphs, the expression of Mining Amazon in the state of Pará. In the first scenario, the data treated and discussed showed a low level of efficiency in the application of mining royalties in the mining-based municipalities of the state of Pará. In the second scenario, the expansion of mining in indigenous lands was noted, ratifying the expansionist paradigm and incompatible with sustainability in the region. In the third scenario, the results show that despite the recent tragedies with mining dams that have occurred in the country, inspection for legal compliance and compliance with established standards is still limited and very dependent on the monitoring of the mining companies themselves, which increases the potential for degradation to environment and collective health in the face of ore exploration. The conflicts of interest between mining policy and those directly affected by this activity in the Amazon have provoked great national and international discussions that demand attention. Thus, this research can contribute to an analysis of the effects of mining activity in the Amazon, suggesting effective ways of communicating scientific knowledge to the country's decision makers in order to mitigate current gaps between science, the productive sector and public policies, which may favor sustainability goals in the Brazilian Amazon.

In the Amazon region, mangroves are subject to several local and regional factors, which change along the Brazilian coast. These environmental factors are essential for structural development and for the establishment of some species. Thus, a vegetation structure is the result of regional and local interactions that may reflect the patterns of distribution of mangroves. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the floristic and structural composition of the mangrove tree on the island of Marajó. Ten 400m2 plots were delimited along two zones (free and inland) in the mangroves of Salvaterra, measuring height and CAP variables of tree species. The invented individuals were grouped into classes of diameter and height, calculated for the adjustment and phytosociological parameters of the species. Of the ten species found in mangroves, seven were typical of other ecosystems, in terms of structure and richness, with no significant difference between zones. Believe that the influence of the adjacent ecosystem and the Marajó hydrological network, may be inducing or establishing other species. The low relief and high frequency of macro brands, can be affected in the statistics of the studied areas. This analysis is essential for the planning of biodiversity conservation policies and management plans for these mango trees, as just as the vegetation has particularities, it is believed that the form of use changes.

Palm trees dominate the Amazon landscape. For example, there is the tucumã-do-pará (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.), a semidomesticated species that attracts the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic segments. Important in the structure and functioning of several ecosystems and has high cultural value for traditional peoples. Given its importance, the objective of this work was to know the structure and spatial distribution of this species, and to understand the effect of environmental gradients on the occurrence in the municipality of Salvaterra, on the island of Marajó, Pará. The study was conducted in 11 communities of residents, distributed in five different physiognomies, in which 42 sample units were established in which biometric information was mapped and collected from all individuals and categorized by height classes, subsequently submitted to statistical analysis. The results found showed that the tucumã-do-pará showed typical density of the species with abundance of juveniles and aggregate spatial distribution pattern for all studied physiognomies. In addition, environmental variables such as slope, geomorphology, pedology and distance from individuals to rivers were shown to be linked to variations in growth and development of the morphological characteristics of this species. Finally, the high occurrence value of this species in the physiognomies found may be linked to the land use system, contributing to the formation of environments favorable to its development.

This work aimed to carry out a study on the environmental condition of the coastal region of the municipality of Salinópolis, Pará, considering the bioindication by zooplankton, mapping of freshwater and the environmental perception of visitors and workers on the main beaches, in 2019. The study area comprised the beaches of Atalaia, Farol Velho, Maçarico, Corvina and Marieta beach, located in the municipality of Maracanã. For the collection of zooplankton, vertical drags were carried out using a plankton net (180 µm mesh) at 4 m depth, in the months of February, April, June, August, October and December, also measuring physical- water chemicals (salinity, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and atmospheric pressure). It was possible to observe a seasonal pattern in the coastal region of Salinópolis and that, mainly, variations in rainfall indexes influenced abiotic factors. Species of Acartia sp. and Paracalanus sp. demonstrated to be generalist and resistant, however, the low levels of dissolved oxygen can be limiting for some copepod organisms. As for environmental perception, semi-structured questionnaires were applied to 500 visitors and 48 traders, with socioeconomic aspects being addressed and they behave in the face of environmental issues. The beach environment is considered democratic and in common use by the people, however, it was possible to verify that the beaches showed socioeconomic differences, where the beach of the watchtower and the old lighthouse had a monthly income between 5 to 10 minimum wages, which may be related to the fact that they are located far from the center of Salinópolis. Regarding the environmental perception of users, both tourists and traders are informed about what is solid waste and that there is an effort on the part of the government in cleaning the beaches, but this did not absent the perception of the presence of marine waste in the environment, the which indicates the need for awareness and environmental education measures. The sewage sources that would go directly to the coastal region were mapped and georeferenced, being quantified 107 effluent outlets, characterized as wolf-mouths, ditches, pipes and pipes of homes, restaurants and hotels. The highest number of sewage dumps was recorded at Praia do Atalaia (n = 43) and Farol Velho (n = 38), being the ones that receive the most tourists, which emphasizes the need to implement the municipal sanitation plan of the municipality and the inspection of buildings by the sea. Thus, as a result of this research, an educational booklet about pollution and marine organisms was created, which will serve to raise environmental awareness among residents and tourists in the Salinópolis region, aiming at reducing pollutants and preserving the marine environment.

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) or neglected infectious diseases are diseases that mainly affect people in a situation of socioeconomic vulnerability, who often live in places of precarious conditions, without attention from the public authorities. The objective of this research was to analyze the context of NTDs under socioeconomic and environmental aspects in the Legal Amazon. With data provided by the Municipal Health Secretariats (Abaetetuba and Barcarena), in addition to data provided by the National Notification System (SINAN), it was possible to create a database on the most frequent NTDs in these municipalities, in the Amazonian capitals and in the municipalities that make up the Marajó Archipelago, which is an ecological, descriptive, and time series study, from the period 2007 to 2016. In addition to these data, socioeconomic and environmental data were obtained through the FIRJAN Municipal Development Index (IFDM), Brazilian Institute Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and National Sanitation Information System (SNIS). The data obtained were organized in Excel spreadsheets for the application of descriptive statistics and multivariate statistics - analysis of main components and hierarchical analysis of clusters -, to carry out statistical analysis. With the aid of the Qgis program, it was possible to map the diseases reported in the municipalities of Marajó. The most frequent NTDs in the Legal Amazon are Chagas disease, dengue, tuberculosis, visceral leishmaniasis and American cutaneous leishmaniasis. All the municipalities analyzed had at least two NTDs. The capital cities' MHDI did not present indices so low that they could justify such notifications. However, in the other municipalities studied, they were quite consistent with the local reality. Studies have shown an association between notified NTDs and population growth and poor health conditions. It is believed that a way to change this epidemiological reality in the Amazon is to elaborate and implement public policies, with financial planning, which seeks to carry out viable and effective projects and programs, offering constant services of basic sanitation, drinking water and health education for all the population.