Human action on natural resources has generated many environmental problems,
especially with regard to deforestation. With the enactment of Law No. 9,605/98, which
provides for criminal and administrative sanctions applicable to conduct and activities
harmful to the environment (crimes and environmental infractions), it became possible to
hold perpetrators accountable, providing for fines of up to 50 million reais, and a prison
sentence. Thus, this study aims to verify the occurrences of environmental crimes and
infractions in the southeast of Pará, in the micro-regions of Parauapebas and Marabá,
from 2014 to 2024, by collecting data on environmental crimes from the PJE (TJ/PA,
TRF1, MP/PA), as well as in transparency reports from the State Secretariat for the
Environment/SEMAS and City Halls. The occurrences were analyzed in light of the
Environmental Crimes Law. To understand the variables, the quantitative was tabulated
and a descriptive analysis was carried out. The results indicated that the cities of Marabá
and Parauapebas are more prone to environmental injuries. Crimes against flora were
those with the highest incidence, with an evident correlation with the population increase,
migration process and urbanization towards the southeastern region of Pará. Economic,
cultural and educational factors also contribute to the practice of these infractions. Thus,
it was found that effective actions by public authorities are necessary to combat practices
that are harmful to the environment, such as inspection actions, strict application of
legislation and environmental education.

Mining, as one of the basic sectors of the Brazilian economy, significantly contributes to the economy of the state of Pará. Problems involving social issues and the rights of local populations are still difficult to solve for both the companies involved and the government at the state, municipal, or federal levels. The issue of health and socio-environmental impacts on these populations becomes of utmost importance for research areas involving mining in our state, considering that the state itself will have to bear the financial responsibility for the social and economic costs resulting from mineral exploitation. Interest in the subject arose from concerns about the health, socio-environmental, and socioeconomic impacts of mining. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze, through field research, secondary data, and literature review of studies analyzing indicators of socio-environmental and health impacts used to promote sustainable development, the occurrence of social, economic, and environmental impacts resulting from the development and closure of mining activities, supported by communities around Barcarena-PA. The general objective of the research is to analyze the main impacts from the development of mining activities and their implications for the health of the population of Vila do Conde in Barcarena-PA. The results found showed that the community of Vila do Conde was affected by a series of significant environmental occurrences in their lifestyles and productivity. The effects on the lands in the region were directly or indirectly related to the extraction and export of bauxite and its by products. The study concludes that greater involvement and commitment from public authorities, companies, and civil society are necessary to ensure the health and quality of life of the residents of Vila do Conde, as well as the preservation of the environment and cultural diversity of the Amazon region.

Brazil has been portrayed as the ideal stage for the development of the bioeconomy due to the magnitude of the biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest and its crucial role in regulating the global climate. Several government actions have emerged to promote the development of a sustainable economy in the country. However, from a critical analysis of the public policies proposed in recent years, it is observed that divergent views on the concept, measurement parameters and values of the bioeconomy make its operationalization unfeasible, since the current model tends to repeat the old colonial practices of exploitation of natural resources, such as the large-scale production of biomass and commodities, and tends to disregard the intrinsic wealth of the forest, as well as the potential of its sociobiodiversity. This work aimed to critically examine the concepts of bioeconomy, based on the analysis of official documents published in recent years in Brazil, for the Amazon region and in the State of Pará, while questioning whether these public policies promote sustainability. The methodological steps used in this research included documentary analysis and content analysis as a qualitative method. Document analysis allowed the classification and indexing of official documents; content analysis facilitated the thematic categorization and coding of messages, in the form of expression of the content of the analyzed documents. The research demonstrates the contradictions of policies for the Amazon region, evidencing how the bioeconomy was reinvented and acts as an endorsement of the logics of exploitation in force in the country since its colonization which, based on developmental projects, tend to increase the marginalization of its inhabitants, disrespecting the limits of nature, the secular knowledge and territories of the forest peoples, while prioritizing the economic interests of large corporations and large-scale production, resulting in the perpetuation of social inequality and increasing environmental degradation. The data collected demonstrate how the potential of the bioeconomy of the so-called “standing forest” can be more profitable in the long term than the bio-based policy, highlighting the need to define a specific bioeconomy for the Amazon, which respects its environmental limits and values the knowledge and protagonism of the people who live in the forest and, based on these premises, establish mechanisms of local governance. The creation of a national bioeconomy plan that prioritizes the conservation of the Amazon's biodiversity and stops deforestation is essential for global sustainability and for the development of the local bioeconomy, as well as investment in biotechnology and the contribution of resources equivalent to the magnitude of the project, to carry out the transition to a truly sustainable bioeconomy.

Water is an essential resource for life, playing a fundamental role in countless human activities and also in natural processes for the functioning of ecosystems. However, water quality has been increasingly compromised due to a series of factors, including human actions (deforestation, urbanization and industrial activities) and environmental influences (seasonality), which can directly affect the dynamics of water bodies. The present study aimed to evaluate the water quality of the Santo Antônio stream, in Santo Antônio do Tauá, Pará. Water samples were collected at strategic points along the watercourse, where their physical-chemical and microbiological parameters were evaluated, according to the procedures and recommendations described in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Subsequently, the data obtained were compared with the limits stipulated by CONAMA legislation no. 357, 274, Ordinance GM/MS 888 and their possible correlations with environmental (seasonality) and anthropogenic factors reported in the literature, visualized in situ and through statistical analyses. Based on the results, it was concluded that the Santo Antônio stream is subject to human influences and seasonality in its vicinity, which may compromise the integrity of the aquatic ecosystem. Therefore, it is essential to implement effective control and management measures to preserve water resources and ensure environmental and human health.

Aquatic ecosystems in a state of vulnerability or degradation reflect, through biological
communities, the environmental impacts suffered, resulting from accelerated
demographic growth and unplanned urban expansion. In this context, the objective of
this study was to evaluate the environmental conditions of the Parauapebas River, in
urban areas of the municipality of Parauapebas - PA using aquatic macroinvertebrates.
Biological collection took place during the rainy season, along the right bank of the
river in four urban areas of the city. Five collection points were arranged per area, at
15m intervals, generating a total of 20 samples. To capture the macroinvertebrates, a
type D collection net positioned against the current was used, passed 15 times along the
water column and in the vegetation on the river banks. A total of 9,766 specimens from
55 families were captured, with the Insecta class being the most expressive, with 38
families. The biotic indices showed differences in water quality between the areas and
collection points, resulting from the environmental conditions of each area. Area A1
presented the greatest wealth of families of sensitive organisms and A2 presented the
greatest abundance of resistant fauna. The similarity analysis highlighted the worst
levels of water quality in the areas (A2 and A3), and among the areas with the lowest
degree of deterioration (A1 and A4). It was possible to identify with this research the
factors that compromise the environmental quality of the water of the Parauapebas
River and consequently, harm the aquatic ecosystems as a whole, in addition to
increasing the risks to the well-being of the population.

The intensive use of oil and its derivatives is linked to a greater frequency of accidents involving the release of highly harmful pollutants into ecosystems. The use of bacteria to intervene in these effects, through bioremediation, has been a more viable and cost-effective alternative to the use of physical-chemical techniques, as they are capable of promoting the mineralization of these compounds and converting them into less or non-toxic by-products. By inhabiting ecosystems with adverse conditions of temperature, salinity, exposure to UV light, pH and competitiveness for nutrients, marine bacteria have developed a wide variety of biomolecules suitable for application in various production sectors, especially for the removal and biodegradation of contaminants, which have made them a priority for prospecting. Thus, as this is a promising area and one that lacks studies when it comes to the Amazon Coastal Zones (ZCA), this work aimed to describe for the first time the diversity of cultivable bacteria isolated from coastal marine sediments of Algodoal-Maiandeua Island, located in the Eastern Amazon, Northeast of the State of Pará, Brazil. We also sought to isolate and identify hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria with potential for application in bioremediation techniques. The sediments were collected, processed and seeded in five culture media (Columbia Agar, Starch M-Protein Agar (SMA), Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA), R2 Agar (R2A) and Cyzapeck) in which, after the incubation period, the colonies were purified, classified morphologically, biochemically and tested for their ability to biodegrade petroleum hydrocarbons and produce biosurfactants. 89 bacteria were isolated from marine sediments on the beaches of Algodoal-Maiandeua island, 29 of which were obtained from Fortalezinha beach, 34 from Caixa D'água and 26 from Princesa beach. Although different growing media were used, the colonies that were growing in SMA and Columbia were better. 46 isolates were able to break down all the substrates used in the tests (hexadecane, kerosene, diesel and used motor oil). The highest degradation percentages were obtained by strains AM41 and AM12, which were able to degrade 84.82 and 71.69% of diesel oil and n-hexadecane, respectively. Strains AM36 and AM5 were able to produce compounds with remarkable surfactant properties that can be investigated to assess their potential for application as a dispersant. The bacteria found in the Amazon coastal region have shown promising capabilities in terms of consuming contaminants that are common in the region, such as diesel and motor oil, as well as aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons that can be used for bioremediation techniques.

Waste generation is the product resulting from various activities developed by
humanity, with effective management challenging the government and society
in general to avoid damage to the environment and public health. In Brazil, in
2010, the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) classified and identified waste
as: (1) Urban Solid Waste (MSW) and (2) Health Service Waste (HSW); in
addition to other categories. The PNRS also established the largest legislation
for adequate waste management. The objective of this study was to evaluate
the existing practices in solid waste management in the municipality of
Parauapebas, comparing them to the requirements of current legislation and
proposing effective suggestions to the Public Administration of Parauapebas.
For this purpose, an applied and comparative research was carried out, with a
qualitative-quantitative and exploratory approach, using secondary data from
the Municipal Department of Urbanism, for RSU through the National
Information System on Basic Sanitation and data from the Municipal
Department of Health on RSS. A direct relationship between the increase in
urban solid waste and the increase in population was observed, there is no
selective collection in the public bodies of the municipality, including health
bodies, there are no recycling cooperatives or associations with municipal
support, in addition to the final destination being the municipal controlled landfill.
Although the City Hall has practices that partially comply with current legislation,
they still need to be adapted for both RSU and RSS, especially in what is
determined by the PNRS, which is the reduction of waste generation, through
incentives for recycling, reuse and composting to increase the useful life of
landfills and the promotion of Environmental Education actions that foster public
policies that guide less consumerism, better health for the population, social
opportunities, preservation of the Amazon and the Planet, guaranteeing the
right to exist for future generations in a healthy environment. This dissertation
was divided into two chapters, one covering an article on RSU Management
and another on RSS in Parauapebas, to facilitate the reader's understanding.

The thesis addresses sustainability in the management of Health Service Waste (HSW), highlighting challenges and issues exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The main objective was to analyze the impacts of the pandemic on HSW generation and the Reverse Logistics (RL) practices that promote sustainable management, aligned with SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). The methodology involved qualitative and quantitative approaches to explore the topic. The pandemic intensified HSW production, worsening the crisis and underscoring the urgency of safe disposal practices to protect public health and the environment. The bibliometric analysis revealed a lack of studies on RL and the need to expand this discussion. The research highlighted RL practices and models, pointing out financial and structural challenges that require public policies and investments to ensure environmental protection and collective health safety.

The thesis addresses the use of water for hand hygiene in emergency and urgent
hospital settings, considering that healthcare workers' hands are a significant
factor in the transmission of Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), which have
a high mortality rate worldwide. The main objective is to analyze the quality of water
intended for human consumption (hand hygiene) within emergency hospital
services, focusing on bacteriological aspects, and to compare it with potability
standards established by current legislation, specifically under Ordinance MS No.
888/2021. The results revealed that the water collected within hospitals is not
suitable for hand hygiene, as total coliforms and E. coli were detected. The study
highlights monitoring and water treatment strategies used successfully in other
countries, suggesting that investing in continuous water monitoring and treatment
within hospitals is a key strategy for ensuring safe hand hygiene and controlling
nosocomial infections.

The management of organic waste in supply centers (CEASA) has still been a great challenge in current times. Such difficulties lie in following the management steps implemented by Law 12.305/2010, which goes from waste generation to environmentally appropriate final disposal. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to present proposals for the management of organic waste generated at Ceasa-PA. This research was conducted at Ceasa-PA and primarily used an exploratory qualitative and quantitative research method. For data analysis, parametric and non-parametric tests were employed, particularly the Kruskal-Wallis test, to compare the medians of the obtained data. In quantitative research, data was explored regarding the trading of fruits and vegetables, waste, and the utilization of fruits and vegetables. The qualitative research was based on literature, official documents, reports, and photographic records. It was observed that at Ceasa-PA, over 5 years (2018 to 2022), the main products marketed were fruits, with banana and orange cultures achieving the highest sales, followed by root vegetables, fruit vegetables, and leafy vegetables. Among these products, the most wasted were in the root vegetable category, particularly the potato and onion cultures, while the most utilized products were in the fruit category, such as banana and apple. Ceasa-PA has been increasingly investing in the organization of organic waste management processes, particularly focusing on the principles of environmental, social, and economic sustainability. The managers have been creating strategies, adopted as internal policies, to make use of the fruits and vegetables that are wasted during commercialization. The food bank is a beneficial technological innovation that has significantly contributed to the reduction of waste, costs, and food security. Understanding the commercial profile is extremely important for planning internal actions and making decisions. In addition to the actions taken by the food bank in utilizing fruits and vegetables, another alternative to reduce the waste generated would be to use them as minimally processed foods, both for fruits and vegetables in the three categories presented.

Peripheral urban areas have a troubled reality when it comes to offering public
services and environmental quality, the use and appropriation of these spaces end
up being diverse and often the urban space in the face of development goes through
changes that affect the distribution of spatial and therefore, the production of space
needs to consider the balance between environment and society, in addition to
public authorities rethinking urban planning to also meet these social and
environmental demands. The general objective was to investigate the socio-
environmental characteristics and production of space in the Cabanagem
neighborhood in Belém, Pará, the specific objectives were to describe the socio-
environmental reality from the physical, natural and human perspective of the
neighborhood; identify spaces related to buildings, mobility, water resources, solid
waste and domestic effluents in the neighborhood and identify natural biodiversity in
the urban space of the neighborhood. The methodology used was a case study, of
the quantitative-qualtitave and exploratory type, through non-probabilistic sampling,
the neighborhood was sectorized, with 60 public places being covered in the months
of May to December 2023, where a structured and photographic records to
characterize the aspects and scenarios of the neighborhood, data analyzes followed
documentary and legislative parameters, with the help of bibliographies, tabulated in
a matrix and later in Excel program tables. The results demonstrated that peripheral
urban areas have several socio-environmental problems, which require the active
participation of public authorities and the population, there are sectors with
infrastructure and basic services closer to the standard than in others, the production
of space related to constructions has affected the biodiversity of the Cabanagem
neighborhood, a significant diversity of species was identified, taking into account
that all of them were recorded in small proportions, with a low level of afforestation,
which can affect the well-being of all living beings present in that location , as well as
the occurrence of invasive animals and disease vector pests. Therefore, it is a
neighborhood that needs the conscious participation of the population in the
production of space and the monitoring of public authorities in urban development, in
this case, public policies may be helping to achieve quality of life and conservation of
natural biodiversity.

With the growing pace of consumption of goods and products in today's society,
the demand for and disposal of plastic bags has generated a number of
externalities. Although some measures are already being put in place in many
Brazilian states to restrict conventional bags, there is a lack of internalization of
the social costs to the economic entities involved in their production chain. Among
the laws passed is Law 8902/2019 approved in the state of Pará, which bans the
distribution of non-biodegradable bags in the state. Given the existence of this
legislation, the aim of this dissertation was to propose economic instruments to
complement the actions of the Pará law on plastic bags. The methodology used
comprises a qualitative approach, using bibliographic, documentary and case
study research methods, the aim of which was to carry out a survey of state laws
pertaining to the commercial restriction of plastic bags in order to assess the
scenario in which Law 8902/2019 is inserted. Next, the parameters found in the
data collection were used to develop two proposals for economic instruments
based on the concepts of externality defined by Arthur Pigou and Ronald Coase.
The first instrument consists of "Tax exemptions for plastic recycling companies",
based on Pigou, while the second comprises "Offering discounts to customers
who don't use plastic bags", based on Coase's vision. The analysis used
multivariate statistical tools to compare the legislation and a SWOT matrix to
structure the economic instruments. As a result, the research revealed that there
is a lack of legislation limiting the use of plastic bags in Brazil, as only 12 federal
units have passed laws of this type. In addition, due to the lack of a national
parameter aimed specifically at plastic waste management, state laws have
significant distinctions. Many of them do not call for environmental education, and
in none of them have economic instruments been identified. Based on this, the
two proposals for joint action with the Pará law were outlined, which proved to be
promising in reducing the disposal of plastic bags and could represent progress
in relation to the plastic consumption cycle. However, in order to solve the
problem, it is necessary to invest in selective collection and environmental
education, as well as depending on the interest of political and economic entities
for its implementation. It is therefore concluded that in order to remedy the
impacts of plastic bags, Brazilian legislation on the subject needs to be expanded.
In addition, it should be noted that in order for legislation to be more effective,
other strategies must work together to minimize the externalities associated with
plastic bags.

ABSTRACT

Peri-urban agriculture consists of agricultural practices in areas that are related to the urban ecosystem. In the state of Pará, Brazil, vegetable farming is prominent in some municipalities in the Metropolitan Region of Belém. The objective of this research was to characterize the vegetable cultivation systems used by 40 small producers interviewed in the municipality of Santa Izabel do Pará, State of Pará. The results depict a profile of predominantly male producers engaged in horticulture, primarily focused on leafy vegetables. The cultivation system adopted most often is conventional, carried out in soil beds, where coriander (29 properties), chives (22), jambu (21), chicory (19), curly lettuce (15), caruru (13), kale (12), basil (8), parsley (6), mint (5), spinach (4), yardlong bean (3), basil (3), mint (3), okra (2), arugula (2), and cassava, watercress, yellow chili, and chili pepper are found in at least one property. The presence of insect pests is treated with agrochemicals, with caterpillars being the main insect, which is treated with agrochemical wich name is “cipermetrina”. The most commonly used fertilizers by producers are chemical (NPK 18:18:18, urea, and foliar fertilizer) and organic (chicken manure and sawdust). Irrigation mainly occurs by sprinkler, however, there is still a portion that is done manually with hoses, showing that this is one of the main points to be improved in their production. The available machinery is considered easy to handle and with little mechanization, except for transportation, which is largely motorized (42.50%). Marketing mainly occurs by agents of commercialization that serves as intermediaries between producers and consumers (70.00%), where most producers accept digital forms of payment; however, they do not keep financial records of the property. Working with the gardens is the main means of livelihood for the producers, as opposed to other activities. However, there are still challenges such as technical assistance and access to inputs such as fertilizer and automatic irrigation (by sprinkler). Additionally, the rainy season poses difficulties for producers as it leads to an increase in input prices and a greater appearance of insects. These are vegetables marketed in supermarkets and markets in Belém that arrive without much rigor in their production methods, simultaneously being an indispensable activity for the food security of the population.

Belém is a city that has natural conditions that make it susceptible to flooding. Its predominantly low altitude, its highest rainfall levels during a period of the year, its mesotidal regime, linked to the dense urbanization on its banks and close to the canals, encourage the susceptibility scenario of these areas. Faced with this problem, a survey of natural and anthropic factors was carried out, the latter relating to current municipal legislation, in addition to data on the estimated number of people and buildings in these areas. The results show that approximately 53.3% of the area has altitudes lower than 5 m, and that March springs reach 3.8 m, which, coinciding with heavy or very heavy rains, cause the problem, especially when the Phenomenon is active. La Nina. Furthermore, the vulnerability survey points to an estimate of 36,240 buildings and 148,664 people in risk areas. Given this, it is essential that the city develops a Municipal Flood Risk Management Plan, in order to better address the effects of flooding during the rainy season.

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a non-contagious infectious zoonosis caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania and transmitted by phlebotomine insects. The present study aimed to verify the occurrence of CVL vectors in the urban center of Salvaterra, determine the clinical condition of the dogs participating in the study through physical and diagnostic exams, assess the socioeconomic and environmental profile of the study areas, map reactive and non-reactive dogs for CVL, and create an educational and informational pamphlet, as well as a scientific note to support the development of potential public policies for the municipality of Salvaterra regarding the subject addressed in this research. Data on vector dispersion and diagnostics provided by the Health Department of Pará (SESPA) were analyzed. Additionally, data were collected through semi structured questionnaires and physical examinations of dogs at their homes, classifying them as asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic, and symptomatic. The canine leishmaniasis survey conducted by SESPA in 2022 revealed 432 positive animals, with a prevalence coefficient of 74%. According to the responses from the guardians, the neighborhoods with the highest number of positive diagnoses for CVL were: Caju (n=26); Paes de Carvalho (n=23); followed by Marabá (n=20); and Centro (n=7). The vector dispersion quantification identified the presence of the vector Lutzomyia longipalpis Lutz & Neiva, 1912, in the neighborhoods: Caju (n=113); Paes de Carvalho (n=82); and Marabá (n=88). In 2023, 40 tests were conducted on-site, of which 21 were reactive: 6 in Caju, 4 in Centro, 5 in Paes de Carvalho, and 6 animals in Marabá. Regarding the clinical presentation of the positive dogs: 4 were asymptomatic, 6 symptomatic, and 11 oligosymptomatic. The mapping of reactive dogs revealed a rather heterogeneous distribution of positive CVL cases. An illustrated pamphlet on canine visceral leishmaniasis was produced, addressing the etiological agent, vector, reservoirs, symptoms in dogs and humans, prevention, and disease control in simple language. The pamphlet aims to encourage habit changes to protect pets and the community, promoting public health and animal welfare. The Scientific Note was prepared to support and provide a basis for the development, approval, and implementation of public policies for the Municipality of Salvaterra and its public institutions, including the city hall and municipal government secretariats. These studies collectively offer a comprehensive overview of the situation of canine 9 visceral leishmaniasis in the region, highlighting the need for an integrated and multifaceted approach for its control and prevention.

Nature tourism with wild animals has been growing over time and gaining space in the Brazilian scene, mainly in the Brazilian Amazon. When nature tourism is linked to the practice of interaction activities with wildlife, some care must be taken, especially if the practice is linked to animals threatened with extinction. When interacting with these animals, it must always be observed whether this tourism practice is not impacting animal welfare. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the environmental perception of the local population and tourists who visit Mirante do Boto and the impact of ecotourism on the behavior of the Araguaia dolphin and the presentation of a booklet to raise awareness among residents and visitors. The work was developed in the municipality of Mocajuba-PA and for the development of the research, a bibliographical survey was carried out and subsequently data was collected in relation to the profile of visitors from the application of a semi-structured form and simultaneously observation of the focal group sampling of visitors was carried out. porpoises, over a period of five days, from 5:30 am to 1:35 pm. In addition, all the food offered was weighed to determine the amount of food ingested by these animals during the interaction period. As a result, four articles were generated with the respective collected data, the first article is a narrative bibliographic review, the second deals with the perception of the visitor to Mirante do Boto, the third is the analysis of the behavior of this animal and interference caused to its behavior by ecotourism and finally, the presentation of a booklet as a tool to raise awareness among visitors to Mirante do Boto

This study aims to analyze the levels of heavy metals in the surface water of the Parauapebas River, in the municipality of Parauapebas, Pará, in accordance with environmental legislation CONAMA 357/2005. It is based on studies on water contamination and its effects on aquatic ecosystems, addressing concepts of toxicity, bioaccumulation of heavy metals and environmental standards, such as CONAMA Resolution 357/2005. methodology adopted is a descriptive experimental study with a qualitative-quantitative approach. Water samples were collected at four strategic points on the Parauapebas River during the rainy season of May 2024. Physicochemical and toxicity analyzes were conducted according to the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater protocols. The results indicated contamination by heavy metals such as copper, chromium, iron, manganese and nickel at levels above permitted limits. Electrical conductivity and turbidity showed significant variations, suggesting the influence of human activities. High pH and water temperature also impacted the solubility of substances and biological activity. These results were discussed in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the need for rigorous environmental management policies. This research provides practical and theoretical insights into water resource management in regions affected by intense human activities. Implications encompass the need for sustainable mining practices and adequate wastewater treatment to preserve water quality and public health. This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the impacts of human activities on the water quality of the Parauapebas River and proposing environmental management measures to mitigate these effects. The relevance of this work lies in the application of the results to improve water resources management practices in the region.

The current linear economic model, focused on consumption and disposal, leads to the depletion of natural resources and an increase in waste, which impacts the environment and calls for more sustainable practices. The Circular Economy (CE) proposes a solution by prioritizing the reuse and recycling of materials to minimize waste. In this context, Reverse Logistics (RL) is essential, as it allows materials to be returned to the production cycle, reducing waste and promoting sustainability. Given the above, this research sought to answer the following problem: How can the implementation of reverse logistics be improved to meet the challenges and maximize the opportunities in the transition to a circular economy? To this end, the aim was to analyze the challenges and opportunities for sustainability from the application of reverse logistics in the context of the circular economy, exploring how these concepts interrelate to promote more sustainable development. The research methodology is qualitative, integrating a literature review and document analysis, based on sustainability and circular economy theories and guidelines. The dissertation is divided into two articles that complement each other to explore the proposed theme. The first article analyzes Brazil's National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS), highlighting its relevance to sustainable waste management. Through a comparative analysis, it correlates the principles of the PNRS with those of the CE and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), revealing the alignment between these guidelines and the contribution of the PNRS to sustainability and social inclusion. The results indicate that the PNRS represents an important legal basis for the economic recovery of waste, reinforcing sustainability and shared responsibility. The second article investigates the trends and challenges related to CE and WL, highlighting the role of WL as a pillar of CE. The analysis of the studies reviewed shows that, while the circular economy seeks to regenerate resources and rethink product design and ownership, reverse logistics operationalizes sustainability in business. The study highlights challenges, such as the lack of understanding and collaboration between sectors, and suggests the need for greater legal structuring and collective awareness so that RL contributes effectively to sustainability. Thus, the findings indicate that strengthening public waste policies and adopting collaborative practices are essential to overcoming the challenges and seizing the opportunities that lead to a more sustainable economy.

The use of plant resources by quilombolas is an effective alternative in the
treatment of various diseases and conditions, whether of physical or cultural
origin. This study aimed to investigate the richness of botanical diversity and
document the traditional knowledge about plants and their medicinal uses, with
the goal of strengthening the appreciation and preservation of the valuable
cultural heritage of the residents of the Caldeirão quilombola community. This
locality is situated in the rural area of the municipality of Salvaterra, Ilha de

Marajó, Pará. The research is ethnographic in nature with a quantitative-
qualitative data approach. The selection of informants was done through non-
probability sampling methods, specifically “Snowball” and “Intentional” sampling.

Forty representatives from each family unit were interviewed. Field visits included
the collection of botanical materials through guided tours. The collected samples
were identified, cataloged, and deposited in the MFS Herbarium Prof. Dr. Marlene
Freitas da Silva at the University of the State of Pará. Residents who have lived
in the community for a longer time have a broader repertoire of the therapeutic
properties of plants. Compared to younger individuals, the elderly demonstrated
significantly superior knowledge of herbal medicine. The family with the greatest
representation was (espécies em análise), and the species with the greatest
versatility were Libidibia ferrea (Mart. Ex Tul.) L.P. Queiroz (jucá) and Carapa
guianensis Aubl. (andiroba). (espécie em análise - boldo), was the species with
the highest use value. The consensus factor among informants pointed to the
body system 'mental, behavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorders'. The use of
medicinal plants among community members is conditioned by cultural,
economic, and accessibility factors, as many of these plants are cultivated in their
own yards. Although Caldeirão is located near urban centers and is influenced
by the urbanization process, the residents still maintain their customs, beliefs,
and traditions associated with the practice of healing with medicinal plants.
Studies on the interaction of community members with medicinal plant resources
and the socioeconomic variables associated with this healing practice are still
scarce. Therefore, there is a need for research investigating how these factors
influence the use and preservation of traditional knowledge related to herbal
medicine.

This thesis aims to analyze the State Water Resources Councils (CERHs) of the Eastern Amazon from the perspective of representation, participation and representativeness, within the scope of water management. To this end, it was necessary: a) to examine the CERHs in the Eastern Amazon regarding compliance with the National Water Resources Policy; b) discuss representation, participation and representativeness as conceptual categories of analysis; c) evaluate the level of performance of the CERHs in the Eastern Amazon and; d) identify the main weaknesses as well as propose strategies to strengthen representation, participation and representativeness in the CERHs of the Eastern Amazon. The study has a qualiquantitative approach, with bibliographical and documentary research and analysis of the content of meeting minutes, decrees, resolutions, laws and internal regulations made available until the year 2022, on the institutional websites of the 5 (five) water resource management bodies. , about the councils of Amapá, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Pará and Tocantins. From the results obtained, it was possible to verify that: the CERHs in the Eastern Amazon are at different levels of approval of resolutions and compliance with water resources management instruments; representation, participation and representativeness are relevant categories of analysis capable of assisting in the evaluation of CERHs; the councils of Mato Grosso and Tocantins stand out with the best level of performance (High), followed by the councils of Pará (Medium), Maranhão and Amapá (Low). Finally, 15 weaknesses were identified that compromise the quality of representation, participation and representativeness in the CERHs of the Eastern Amazon, and in view of these gaps, 41 strengthening strategies were developed, called REPARE Strengthening Strategies, appropriate to the complexity of each weakness to be addressed. in order to cooperate in the improvement and consolidation of the bases of the councils and, therefore, contribute to a more effective management of water resources at the state level.

The main objective of this thesis was to characterise dairy farming production systems in the municipality of Itaituba, Pará, with a focus on technological analysis and the sustainability of the activity. The specific objectives included: identifying the region's small producers, analysing their socio-economic profile and the characteristics of the production units, assessing the technological level used in the activities and proposing a Manual of Management Practices for local dairy farming. The methodology included qualitative and quantitative research, with the application of 55 structured questionnaires in 27 rural communities between 2023 and 2024. Aspects related to infrastructure, management and producer profiles were analysed. The data was organised into three scientific articles, each addressing different aspects of the activity. The results show that local dairy farming is predominantly family-based, with the majority of producers coming from the north-eastern region of Brazil. Infrastructure and technical assistance are limited, negatively impacting productivity, which has an overall average of 4.48 litres/cow/day. Despite low technological adoption, practices such as genetic improvement, health management and food supplementation have shown potential for increasing productivity and reducing environmental impacts. The conclusion is that dairy farming in Itaituba is economically and socially important, but faces challenges related to infrastructure, technical assistance and access to credit. Overcoming these obstacles requires public policies aimed at strengthening the sector, as well as practical changes on the part of producers. The implementation of appropriate technologies and compliance with health and environmental standards are fundamental to promoting the sustainability of the activity.

Ethnobiological studies can be divided into strands to better encompass the various biotic phenomena, given that, the strand that stands out in the development of this research is Ethnopharmacology from the perspective of urban agroecosystems. The research was carried out in urban backyards in the municipality of Soure, Ilha do Marajó, Pará. Interviews were carried out with the help of forms in order to investigate socioeconomic issues, characteristics of backyards and identify species of plants used for medicinal purposes. At the same time, guided tours were carried out to collect biological material when possible. The data were tabulated in electronic spreadsheets and the collected plants were identified through scientific names and herborized in the Marlene Freitas da Silva herbarium (MFS) of the University of the State of Pará. 80 interviews were carried out, most of which were represented by low-income women between 40-80 years of age, with education up to basic education. 67 species were identified and it was observed that there was a difference in the plants mentioned in each neighborhood. In general, the “Boldo” (Plectranthus ornatus Codd) obtained greater relative importance, while the body system with the highest consensus factor among informants refers to blood diseases and hematopoietic organs. With this, it was possible to understand the relationship of the interviewees with their backyards and the medicinal plants grown in them, in addition to identifying the most mentioned species with therapeutic potential.

The herbaceous species Acmella oleracea (Asteraceae), popularly known as jambu, is a plant of great nutritional and pharmacological importance in the Amazon region. It is used in various forms of food and is used in ethnopharmacology to treat toothache, malaria, hepatitis, and fever. This work reports on the seasonal influence and different extraction methods on the content, chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, and cytotoxic effect of essential oils and volatile concentrates from inflorescences and leaves of Acmella oleracea. The species was observed in the metropolitan region of Belém in Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil, and monitored from May to September 2022 with three bimonthly collections in the rainy, transition, and dry seasons. For the seasonal evaluation, inflorescences were observed by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus for 3 hours, and the oils obtained were tested against the DPPH free radical ingestio inhibition test. In the comparative study between capture methods, inflorescences and leaves of the sample were tested by hydrodistillation (HD), steam distillation (AV), and simultaneous distillation-extraction (DES), and the oils with the highest yield had their antioxidant resources assessed by the β-carotene method /linoleic acid and evaluated against three cancer cell lines and one healthy one. In the seasonal study, it was possible to identify a higher oil yield in the rainy season (May) with 1.61%, and the lowest was the dry one (September) with 0.68%, while in the comparative evaluation, the highest yield was with the inflorescences per hydrodistillation (0.68%) and steam distillation (0.5%). During the studies, the class of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons was predominant, and the main constituents of A. oleracea were E-Caryophyllene, Caryophyllene oxide, 1- Pentadecene, Germacrene D, Myrcene, β-Pinene and Spilanthol. The antioxidant capacity was considered low compared to DPPH and moderate in the βcarotene/linoleic acid system. The species showed in vitro cytotoxicity against gastric ascites cells, lung carcinoma, melanoma, and the healthy embryonic kidney lineage. Although there are some changes in the levels of chemical components in the essential oils of A. oleracea, the species can be considered an alternative source of cannabinoid compounds such as E-Caryophyllene and Caryophyllene oxide, as they are the main constituents in the seasonal study as well as in the study on the different extraction methods, in addition to presenting levels of other bioactive molecules of ecological and mainly pharmacological importance, which makes Acmella oleracea a cytotoxic species with real perspectives for the future development of antineoplastic herbal medicines.

With almost 35 years of existence, some Extractive Reserves (RESEX) present difficulties in achieving their expected results. This study evaluated the socioeconomic and environmental conditions of the Ipaú-Anilzinho Extractive Reserve (RESEX - IA), created in 2005, in the municipality of Baião, state of Pará. Semi-structured forms were applied to residents in four communities. Furthermore, the dynamics of deforestation and land use and coverage were evaluated in 15 years before and after its creation, based on data from monitoring projects. Two communities did not have active education and health structures. Of the agroextractive activities, most residents who generated income from these activities earned, at most, 1/2 minimum wage per month. The average monthly family income was R$1,564.88, while the average monthly per capita family income was R$468.00. Deforestation recorded in the period after the creation of RESEX – IA was reduced by around 10 times, when compared to the previous period, and there was an increase in forest areas (primary + secondary) as the main class of land use and cover. We concluded that the reduction of deforestation and the maintenance of forested areas are positive points for the environmental protection of the study area, however some residents needed maintenance and improvement of community living conditions. Therefore, concrete public policies that guarantee socioeconomic compensation for all communities in an equal manner and consistent with their peculiarities and that are capable of promoting socioeconomic development and the local way of life are essential to boost RESEX – IA on the path of its socioeconomic and socio-environmental objectives.

The study consisted of the analysis of public policies for urban mobility, foreseen in the master
plans of the capitals that are part of the Brazilian Eastern Amazon – Belém, state of Pará;
Macapá, state of Amapá; São Luís, state of Maranhão; Palmas, state of Tocantins; Cuiabá, state
of Mato Grosso. The research problem sought to answer how these public policies, aimed at
urban mobility, have been implemented in the five master plans. The investigations are justified
due to the understanding of the impact that urban mobility allied to public policies causes in the
quality of life of its users; in expanding the study of the right to the city, urban mobility, and
public policies, in collaborating with academic and scientific research, as well as in assisting
municipal public management, in possible changes in the wording in the master plans and/or in
the incidence points to be carried out as planned. The general objective of the study was to
discuss the right to the city, urban mobility, and public policies in the master plans of the five
state capitals of the Brazilian Eastern Amazon. The specifically objectives, identify public
policies for collective public transport; investigate the construction of new modes; evaluate the
application of public policies for bicycle transportation, regarding bicycle lanes and lanes; and
explain the legal protection of pedestrians in the master plans studied. For that, bibliographical,
documentary and field research were used with direct observation in the five capitals studied,
data analysis was carried out in a qualitative and quantitative way, with the use of images,
graphs, tables, charts, and location maps. It was found that depending on the subtopic discussed,
within urban mobility, be it buses, new modes, the cycling system or pedestrian walkability
conditions, there are common points between cities that need to be improved, providing greater
effectiveness to predictions brought in the master plan compositions, as well as there are articles
that are already being applied by the municipal public management in the reality of the urban
space of the cities studied, however, it is necessary that maintenance occurs in the goods offered
to its users, as in the case of the cycling system. In this way, the study brings visibility to the
applicability and guarantee of the right to the city, as a human right capable of directly
interfering in people's quality of life, highlighting at the end of each chapter what has been
applied and suggesting what needs to be revised by part of municipal public management, based
on existing forecasts in municipal legislation, which is in the master plan of each of the
researched capitals.

Basic sanitation works as an aid to promote the health and quality of life of the population, in addition to being related to various social and economic factors. This dissertation aimed to evaluate the relationship between basic sanitation indicators and the incidence of diseases in the states of the Eastern Amazon, based on the socioeconomic context and space-time analysis. The first article “Relationship between basic sanitation and socioeconomic indicators and the occurrence of acute diarrheal diseases in the states of the Eastern Amazon” aims to present a comparative study between basic sanitation and socioeconomic indicators and the incidence of Acute Diarrheal Diseases (ADD) in states of the eastern Brazilian Amazon. While the second article “Analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of leptospirosis and its correlation with basic sanitation in the states of the eastern Brazilian Amazon” aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of leptospirosis in the states of the eastern Brazilian Amazon and its relationship with the conditions of basic sanitation. For this purpose, official data referring to indicators of basic sanitation and occurrences of acute diarrheal diseases and leptospirosis for the states of the Brazilian Eastern Amazon were used. Statistical correlation and space-time analysis were also applied as a means of data evaluation. Both articles demonstrated that the states of the Eastern Amazon have different levels of coverage regarding basic sanitation indicators and that, the greater the precariousness of these indicators, the greater the occurrence of diseases, which may also be influenced by socioeconomic indicators. The use of basic sanitation indicators, in association with the evaluation of socioeconomic indicators and spatial analysis, work as a tool for the systematic evaluation of the occurrence of diseases, as well as for defining priority areas for the application of services and public policies.

Basic sanitation is a right guaranteed by the Federal Constitution of Brazil. With a view to serving the population, progress in the implementation of public policies and the implementation of basic sanitation services in Brazil, the Regulatory Framework for Basic Sanitation was approved. In this sense, some important gaps lack research on this subject and the maintenance of public health and quality of life of Brazilian citizens still persist. Thus, we sought to gather data necessary for a complete diagnosis of the current situation of basic sanitation in the city. Thus, the above, this research aimed to analyze the basic sanitation services and the release of untreated effluents in the Araguaia river in the city of Conceição do Araguaia-PA. As a result of this research it was possible to verify that the city of Conceição do Araguaia suffered significant social and environmental transformations in the last 38 years. Thus, it is concluded that after 126 years of foundation the city still does not have a basic sanitation system that meets its residents. The components of the sanitation of the city are in vulnerable situations and work below the possibility of ensuring the minimum quality of life to the population. The simulations obtained by the Streeter-Phelps equations indicate that the release of untreated effluent in the Araguaia river significantly altered the values of BOD5. It highlights the need for a holistic and multidisciplinary approach to address the environmental challenges of basic sanitation in the city of Conceição do Araguaia-PA. It is essential to invest in public policies and programs aimed at improving sanitary and environmental conditions in the city.

Bats play an important role in ecosystems in various parts of the world due to their fauna, providing ecological services in the reforestation of areas degraded by man and reducing populations of insects that cause damage to crops and diseases to humans, however, they are animals remembered as sinister and unwanted by most people. In this context, the objective of this dissertation was to study the bird fauna of Combu Island, regarding the epidemiological profile of human anti-rabies care for attacks/accidents by bats, the perception of the island's residents in relation to bats, capture and identification of species and material production educational regarding the importance of these animals. Regarding the epidemiological study, it was observed that between 2007 and 2022, there were 39 notifications on SINAN of aggressions, the majority involving children, underreporting, abandonment and failure to actively search for patients who failed to take human anti-rabies prophylaxis. In interviews with 120 residents of the island, the majority were natives (64.17%), they had usually seen bats (99.17%), the minority knew legends/myths about bats (9.17%), but the majority know their foods (94.17%), find them morphologically unequal (74.17%), important seed dispersers (29.09%) and transmitters of diseases to humans (87.50%). Among the nocturnal captures and in bat shelters carried out, 56 bats were collected and 13 species were identified in three families (Phyllostomidae, Emballonuridae and Vespertilionidae), which cover a wide range of feeding habits (insectivores, frugivores, nectarivores, polynivores, omnivores/carnivores). For educational purposes, an educational booklet on the importance of bats was created for dissemination to APA residents. Studies of chiropteran fauna in APAs are scarce in the literature, with the results obtained on Combu Island being considered pioneering. It is important to highlight that epidemiological surveillance must be improved by strengthening the team at the Combu Health Unit, as well as continuing to collect and identify more species of bats on the island, in addition to increasing the importance of bats to residents and their visitors.

The BR-316 highway was built with the aim of promoting urban development in the
Metropolitan Region of Belém, leading directly to the formation of urban forest
fragments. Some of these fragments have become legally protected, constituting
nature conservation units; however, they still suffer the impacts of being embedded in
the city, due to factors such as urban pressure, edge effects, and reduced
biodiversity. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the floristic, phytosociological, and
edge effect aspects present in two urban forest fragments in the Metropolitan Region
of Belém, Brazil. The analyzed urban forest fragments were the Antônio Danúbio
Lourenço da Silva Environmental Park and the Utinga Camillo Vianna State Park.
Initially, a bibliographic survey of floristic and phytosociological studies conducted in
the two parks between 2012 and 2022 was carried out. To analyze the edge effect, a
floristic survey and measurement of temperature, humidity, and luminosity variables
were conducted in both study areas. The results indicated that there are still few
studies developed in these conservation units, that the Utinga Park has
characteristics of a preserved forest environment, and that the Antônio Danúbio Park
is experiencing an intense edge effect. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct more
studies within the Conservation Units to assess the consequences of the edge effect
on the flora, fauna, and ecological parameters of the Antônio Danúbio Park.
Additionally, efforts should be made to determine the best way to manage both the
Antônio Danúbio Park and the Utinga State Park, aiming to reduce the negative
impacts of an urban forest fragment.

The quality of water is related to the health of the population and is one of the natural resources necessary for the survival of living beings, both for direct human consumption and for the satisfaction of ecosystem services. In this perspective, the research aimed to analyze the legal regulation of water resources, focusing on the Municipal Basic Sanitation Plan (PMSB) in the country, as well as verifying the panorama on the water supply and sewage system in the city of Belém. to determine the microbiological condition of the surface waters of the Guamá River, in view of its importance for public supply and for being a receiving body of domestic effluents in the capital. To achieve the objectives, the methodology focused on collecting and analyzing data from the municipality in the National Sanitation Information System (SNIS), between 1997 and 2017, from Instituto Trata Brasil and data from Datasus on waterborne diseases between 2007 and 2017 ; performance in loco for collection, first at 08 points on the Guamá River and later in a new research with collection at 06 points around Ilha do Combu. The study of the reports allowed us to conclude that the numbers for the elaboration of the PMSB are still insufficient, and in the northern region, only 22% of the municipalities have elaborated the PMSB. Among the largest Brazilian cities between 2010 and 2017, Belém was among the 10 worst with sanitation coverage, with the exception of 2014. As for water analyses, the legal limits for thermotolerant coliforms were exceeded at several points, both in the less rainy season, and in the rainy season. Near Combu Island, the results of both thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli also showed an average above the legal limit established by CONAMA 357/2005 (1,000 NMP/100 ml), in addition to eutrophication through the calculated Trophic State Index. Secondary data indicate a total of 17,304 disease notifications, with dengue and leptospirosis having the highest incidence. In this dissertation, the research was presented through the construction of three scientific articles and it is concluded that the sanitation conditions of the capital and the island area reflect both on the quality of the receiving body and on the health of the population. Social and environmental factors in the collected points may be related to the high concentration of coliforms and E. coli and the emergence of diseases as a result of poor sanitation.

In conducting this research, two articles were prepared. In March 2020, WHO declared the pandemic of a new virus identified as Sars-CoV-2, which has infected and killed people around the world. Restriction measures were taken in order to curb the transmission of the virus, transport services considered essential, therefore, kept in activity, contributing to these professionals being more exposed to infection and also being a source of contagion by the new coronavirus. As a result, the demand for the production of an effective and safe vaccine has become ever greater. When immunizing agents were being marketed, they were not available for the entire population, priority groups for vaccination were created and public transport professionals were included. The objective was to analyze the cases and deaths due to covid-19 and the vaccination coverage in the category of traffic and transport professionals in the state of Pará. This is a descriptive observational epidemiological study, with data obtained through the covid-19 monitoring system of Pará State Health Department and the Ministry of Health website. In the first article, the variables analyzed were age groups, sex and the most prevalent comorbidities in the period from March 2020 to May 2021. 3,028 cases and 63 deaths were reported. 95% of the total cases were male, with a predominance of the general age group of 30-39 years and among deaths, the most affected age group was 60-69 years, followed by those aged 50-59 years. Most cases were reported in the municipalities of Parauapebas, Belém and Marabá, respectively. In the second article, the following variables were considered: sex, age group, amount of doses applied, month, manufacturing laboratory and municipalities in the state. Across the state, 12,463 vaccine doses were applied and the most used were Astrazeneca and Pfizer. The most covered age group was 35 to 39 years old, with the peak of vaccination in June. Belém, Ananindeua and Santarém are the most populous municipalities in the state and the ones that most vaccinated these professionals, but still have vaccination coverage below the national and state average. These professionals were more vulnerable at the time of the pandemic because contact with users of transport services was daily and is also a source of infection for the population, the results found are worrying for public health, and the low vaccination coverage can contribute to the emergence of new cases, deaths and even a new variant, it is important to expand vaccination.

The present study evaluated the aspects of social, economic, agronomic and environmental
sustainability of the extractive and managed collection of the bacuri fruit (Platonia insignis
Mart.) and of the agricultural practices carried out by small producers and collectors in the
Marajó Mesoregion. The research was carried out in the Municipalities of Soure, Salvaterra, Cachoeira do Arari and Ponta de Pedras. The methodological procedures were based on a quali-quantitative analysis. Semi-structured questionnaires were applied to 52 small bacuri producers and collectors. It was found that 28.8% of small producers managed native bacuri trees and 71.2% do not, showing the potential for their expansion. Respondents who stated that they manage, clean around adult bacuri trees, and take advantage of regrowth areas, in addition to pruning and clearing. As for the typology of production systems, 5 types were found: bacuri and swidden; bacuri and fruit trees; bacuri and fishing; bacuri and pigs; and bacuri and social benefits. The production systems assigned to the group of bacuri and fruit trees obtained an Added Value (VA) of R$ 21,471.29/year. It was observed that 65.4% stated that they carry out burning and deforestation activities in their establishments for agricultural purposes, such as cleaning the area and implementing swiddens, as well as burning solid waste, and 34.6% reported who do not use fire to perform such actions on their properties. This research reinforces the importance of transforming the existing bacuri tree sprouts in the abandoned swiddens into fruit orchards, given the demand and high prices of this fruit pulp in the regional market. The research showed that only 1/3 of the interviewed producers adopt the practice of management, indicating that it would be possible to triple the current production, generating income and promoting the recovery of environmental liabilities.

In December 2019, a disease called COVID-19 emerged in the Chinese province of Wuhan, whose etiological agent is the SARS-CoV-2 virus, from the coronavirus family. Due to its high transmissibility, the disease quickly spread worldwide, being declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. The Marajo archipelago is one of the poorest regions of the Amazon region, in the north of Pará state. The Marajo people suffer from a deficiency in public services, especially in health attendance, dealing with significant challenges while facing the pandemic. Despite this, the municipality of Salvaterra, located in the Marajo archipelago, had a lower fatality rate from COVID-19 than the averages of Pará and Brazil. In this context, this work aimed to investigate the epidemiological and ethnobiological aspects related to COVID-19 in the municipality of Salvaterra through two studies: an epidemiological, with an ecological, prospective, descriptive, and analytical view that analyzed the evolution of COVID-19 in urban and rural areas of Salvaterra from March 2020 to March 2021; and the second study was ethnobiological, with an evolutionary and ethnopharmacological view, to understand the processes of biological material selection for use in COVID-19 treatments and the social transmission pathways of this biocultural traits, to understand how the local medical systems of Salvaterra, are adapting to the emergence of this new disease. The epidemiological aspects were collected through secondary data from the e-SUS notifications database, obtained from the Municipal Health Department. These data, combined with information in the records of patients who tested positive for COVID-19, were used to find informants for forms applications to collect ethnobiological data. Epidemiological data revealed a higher incidence of COVID-19 cases in the second quarter of 2020 and higher lethality in the elderly and rural residents. Ethnobiological data showed new evidence that ecogeographic characteristics of different biomes can influence how populations use medicinal resources in terms of the main environments that supply medicinal plants and the part of the plant most used. The foremost biases acting in the selection of natural treatments among the interviewees are familiarity and age, and the vertical transmission route was not prevalent in the learning of treatments used to combat COVID-19, which may be related to the instability brought to the environment. by the presence of the new disease, which requires faster dissemination of this knowledge.

The urban park was born under the concept of providing cities with adequate spaces to meet the
new social demand for leisure and leisure time, in contrast to the urban environment with a
busy life. In addition, this type of environmental asset plays an important role in preserving
(environmental) biodiversity for the collective good, contemplation and well-being of those
who use it and/or who live around the park. In the city of Belém, state of Pará, the Gunnar
Vigren Ecological Park (PEGV) is located, created by Law 7.539 of November 19, 1991, an
important environmental asset formed by a fragment of primary forest located in the urban
center of the city, which serves as a natural refuge for species of flora and fauna from the
Amazon ecosystem. However, the urbanization process and the expansion of the road network
in the city of Belém have conflicted negatively with PEGV preservation actions, especially
after the implementation of macro-drainage projects in the Una basin of the Centenario
Avenue Extension Project. Currently, the PEGV is not available for visitation due to poor
physical structure, as the buildings that are part of the park pose a risk of collapse because
they are seriously deteriorated and their trails are disabled due to lack of resources for their
maintenance and conservation. Therefore, the research aims to carry out the economic
valuation in the Gunnar Vingren Ecological Park area, through the survey of the
socioeconomic profile and willingness to pay of residents, through the application of the
Method Contingent Valuation.

Studies aimed at knowledge about floristic and phytosociological composition in forest remnants in the Amazon are of great relevance for the conservation and preservation of these areas.the objective of this study was to evaluate the floristic composition and phytosociological structure of the São Geraldo Magela Ecological Reserve in the municipality of CapitãoPoço.The research was carried out in the São Geraldo Magela Ecological Reserve in the municipality of CapitãoPoço PA, with the implantation of 20 plots of 20m x 25m and all arboreal and non-arboreal individuals with diameter at breast height - DBH ≥ 10 cm. With the relative results, the Importance Value Index (IVI), the Coverage Value Index (IVC) was calculated and the community diversity was evaluated by the Shannon-Weaver index (H').A total of 529 individuals belonging to 88 species, 72 genera and 32 botanical families were found in the reserve. Among the families, the most representative in number of individuals were: Fabaceae (167), Annonaceae (51), Moraceae (45) and Leythidaceae (32), Annacardiaceae (27), Nyctaginaceae (24) Salicaceae (22) Malvaceae (15) Arecaceae (15).The diversity of tree vegetation in the studied area was 3.82 nats/ind. This study has great relevance for the understanding and planning of initiatives that aim at the conservation and/or preservation of the São Geraldo Magela Ecological Reserve in the municipality of CapitãoPoço, PA. 

Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K) is one of the main non-timber forest products (NTFPs) marketed by the North of the country and by countries such as Bolivia and Peru. There are countless points of view regarding the extraction of the chestnut, some researchers defend the maintenance of the extraction of the chestnut, as a way to guarantee income to the extractive families and to keep the forest “standing”, others defend the search for domestication of the species because the extractive model proves to be unsustainable, economically, in the long run. In this research it was observed the production and the market, national and global, of Brazil nuts. Descriptive statistics techniques were used in the elaboration of graphs and tables, and the market share technique. It was observed the stagnation of the national production of chestnuts from the 1980s, as well as the reduction of Brazilian exports of this NTFP, in parallel to this scenario Bolivia assumes the leadership in the global chestnut market, due to the loss of competitiveness of Brazil in this market. It is noteworthy that when compared to other nuts and chestnuts, Brazil nuts hardly reach 1% of global exports, while cashew nuts easily exceed 10%. This study shows that the maintenance of the extractive model for Brazil nuts, in the Brazilian case, shows signs of unsustainability. Given the above, the maintenance of Brazil nut production is linked to the need for continuous research in the technological areas, in addition to market and price research and its full domestication.

In any society, to understand the environmental destinations of waste generated after
its use, it is necessary to understand the paths taken by them, as well as where they
will end up, in search of this understanding, the research aimed to analyze the
dynamics of solid waste recyclables from sorting companies and waste picker
cooperatives in Marabá-PA and the environmental and socioeconomic potential of
their recovery for the municipality, considering projects registered in the municipality
as recyclable reclaimers. The study was classified as field research in the case study
modality, with an exploratory objective and a quantitative-qualitative approach. Visits
were carried out to the enterprises to verify their location and operation, monitor their
routines and collect data on recyclable masses, including paper/cardboard, plastic,
aluminum, copper and iron scrap. To show the current situation of the municipality
with regard to the recovery of recyclables and the environmental and socioeconomic
potential related to the subject, gravimetric percentages estimated in previous studies
were compared with the averages of the masses currently recovered, considering
current market values. The results showed a small amount of projects in operation,
concentrated in three of the six urban centers in the municipality. It was found that
the municipality's productivity is extremely low, with a percentage of recyclable
recovery less than 5% of the estimated recyclable mass available, in order to identify
high environmental potential, in materials diverted to the landfill, not returning to the
production chain, the socioeconomic of the follow-up at the municipal level, since
these deviations fail to generate quality of life for the sector's actors. Failure to
observe such potential has resulted in reduced employment/income and negative
environmental impacts.

The productive chain of Brazil nuts is complex, comprising several actors from different segments that take the product from the forest to the consumer's table. The benefits obtained through the organization and professionalization of Brazil nut extraction communities are notorious, in order to guarantee a sustainable production character. The Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. specie is considered the symbol tree of the Amazon Forest due to its social, ecological and economic importance for the region. The microbiological quality of Brazil nuts is important for the success of its sale in natura as well as seedling production, and depends on practices that start at the collection stage and go to processing and marketing. Considering the economic and social importance of the species for the Amazon region, the objective of the work was to evaluate the microbiological quality of seeds from Flona Tapirapé Aquiri in Marabá. The experimental conduction evaluated the presence of fungi and bacteria present in two regions of the fruit, external and internal and two storage times (30 days and 150 days). 57 morphotypes of filamentous fungi were isolated, divided into 7 genera, being 18 in the storage time 30 days and 39 in the time of 150 days. The genera Aspergillus and Penicillium stood out, occurring in greater quantity in the two regions of the fruit and in the two storage periods.

Groundwater has a very variable distribution because it is related to the hydrological
cycle, and is about 100 times more abundant than surface water from lakes and
rivers. However, when these waters are contaminated or polluted, high financial
investments are required, with long-term results, in order for their recovery to occur,
often causing direct effects on the health of the population supplied by them. The
mining activity and the disorderly urbanization present in the municipality of
Barcarena have frequently caused environmental impacts, which are reported by the
population and local authorities, bringing serious consequences to the health of its
residents. To evaluate the impact of these activities, the objective was to determine
the quality of water coming from individual alternative solutions and collective
solutions and also from supply systems consumed by families living in Barcarena.
The physicochemical, microbiological and toxicological parameters were determined,
following the analysis criteria of the Standard Methods for Examination of Water and
Wastewater in addition to having been evaluated the potability conditions provided in
Annex XX of the Consolidation Ordinance No. 5 of 28/09/2017 of the Ministry of
Health to achieve the creation of a potability index of groundwater quality (IP) of this
region, as well as, the definition of the categorization of this water consumed by its
population so that this can subsidize the decisions of local authorities in order to
provide adequate treatment services for human consumption. The results of this
study show that the water consumed by the population in the locations evaluated,
throughout the period studied, mostly did not meet the conditions of potability
established by law. The variables that most negatively influenced this quality were
the pH and the presence of bacteria of the fecal coliform group, such as the presence
of E.coli, which makes the water unfit for human consumption. Moreover, the
parameters that are directly related to the emission of untreated domestic effluents
and waste resulting from industrial activities point to the fragility of the water
resource. The categorization of the samples through the PI showed that the
communities supplied by some type of public supply system have access to better
quality water, while those who are supplied by alternative systems are those with a
greater tendency to consume water outside the standards of potability.

Over the years, the importance of maintaining a healthy relationship between aspects that refer to quality of life and the environment in which individuals interact has been discussed. In this way, the World Health Organization conceptualizes quality of life including concepts of physical health, cultural and socioeconomic conditions in which the individual is inserted. Data indicate that deaths among children under five are due to deficient environmental factors, acute diarrheal diseases and poor quality of basic sanitation. Considering these aspects, environmental, sanitary, socioeconomic and epidemiological indicators appear as important tools for environmental surveillance in health, representing the studies of the effects of sanitation conditions on human health and how these studies can guide the execution of environmental sanitation programs and plans. and public health. Thus, this work aims to determine the socio-environmental and epidemiological aspects of ADD cases in the city of Curionópolis, Pará, from 2015 to 2019. As a result of the research, two articles were produced, the first being entitled Environmental health and diarrheal diseases: socioeconomic, environmental and health indicators in an Amazonian municipality, and the second article with the title Epidemiological profile of acute diarrheal diseases notified in a municipality in the Amazon of Pará. The work reveals and compares data from the local economy with the health and environmental sanitation conditions in Curionópolis. We suggest measures for planning and implementing public policies that aim to prevent and remedy situations of socio-environmental vulnerability in the municipality.

This work aimed to analyze the minerals and heavy metals concentrations in different components of the food chain in natural and experimental aquatic environments in eastern Amazonia. To experimentally evaluate the lead (Pb) accumulation and conduction at different trophic levels under laboratory conditions, the aquatic macrophyte Montrichardia linifera (aninga) (Producer), the grasshopper species Tetrataenia surinama (Primary Consumer), and Theraphosa sp. spiders (Secondary Consumer) were collected and submitted to experiments that simulated an Pb contaminated environment at the following concentrations: experiment Exp1 (1000 mg.L-1 of Pb), experiment Exp2 (100mg.L-1 of Pb) and experiment Exp3 (control group). In the experiments, the macrophyte M. linifera was introduced into containers containing lead-contaminated water for 21 days. Later its leaves served as food for grasshoppers and these as food for spiders. To assess the minerals and other heavy metals concentrations, specimens of grasshoppers, aninga, and water from Água Preta Lake were collected. The samples were analyzed in a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. Chemical analyzes detected high Pb concentration in the aninga root (Exp1= 62.724,51mg.kg-1 ; Exp2= 219.705,60mg.kg-1 ) and low concentration in its leaves (Exp1= 79,4 mg.kg-1 ; Exp2= 147,68 mg.kg-1 ), with highest concentration in aninga root of Exp2 and lowest concentration in leaves of Exp1. The bioaccumulation factor (FB) of Exp1 and Exp2 was 325.19mg.kg-1 and 2392.23mg.kg-1 respectively, demonstrating the highest concentration of this heavy metal in the root system of the plant, causing a low translocation for its aerial parts, and resulting in a translocation factor (TF) < 1 and bioaccumulation factor (FB) > 1. The grasshoppers that fed on contaminated aninga leaves did not show traces of Pb in their body mass, however different concentrations of Pb were detected in their feces in both Exp1 and Exp2, with the highest being 201.98 mg.Kg-1 at Exp2 and the lowest of 5.76 mg.Kg-1 at Exp1. In spiders, traces of Pb were also found, with the highest concentration being evidenced in Exp1 (7.42 mg.Kg-1 ). For these results, it can be stated that there was a passage and increase of the Pb concentration on this experimental food chain at all three proposed trophic levels and that the primary consumer (T. surinama) acted as a reconcentration of lead in the trophic chain, returning to the environment this ingested heavy metal, through its feces, which can be reabsorbed by the plant, forming a lead cycle in the aquatic environment. The field chemical analyzes detected the presence of Fe, Cu, Mg, Zn, Mn, Ca and Na in the analyzed trophic levels. The elements with highest concentrations was calcium in water (Ca= 5.126 mg.L-1 ), aninga (Ca=14,735.91 mg.Kg-1 ) and grasshoppers females (Ca= 2,022.03 mg.Kg-1 ), and sodium in male grasshoppers (Na= 3,855.05 mg.Kg-1 ). On the other hand, the lowest concentrations were zinc in water (Zn=0.013 mg.L-1 ), copper in aninga (Cu=3.46 mg.Kg-1 ), manganese in male grasshoppers (Mn= 8.94 mg.Kg-1) and iron in females grasshoppers (Fe= 18.84 mg.Kg-1 ). With the experiment results, M. linifera can be considered a tolerant, hyperaccumulating, photo stabilizer and potentially phytoremediation plant for Pb in aquatic environment, as it helps to remove this pollutant from ecosystems. In addition, with the field results, it was found that the grasshopper, although they feed on the aninga, had a high content of copper and sodium in their body composition, which are in low concentration in the plant.

The urbanization of the Brazilian Amazon overcame infrastructure development and brought with it risks to the health of the population, through contamination of water bodies, changes in the landscape, which alter the region's hydrological cycle and promote the proliferation of disease vectors. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the sanitation conditions in states in the Brazilian Amazon and its relationship with socioeconomic and environmental indicators. The research had a descriptive and ecological character, based on secondary data, obtained through bibliographic and documentary research, collected on electronic platforms. The results show that Pará and Amazonas recorded the highest amounts of solid waste generation and also have the highest GDP among the states in the North region, occupying the 12th and 8th places in the national ranking, respectively. Pará had the highest average of hospitalizations for diseases related to inadequate environmental sanitation, with about 690/100 thousand inhabitants/year. Amazonas and Amapá recorded the lowest values, around 184 and 177/100,000 inhab./year, respectively, even below the national average, which was 229.2/100,000 inhab./year. Rondônia, Acre, Tocantins and Roraima added hospitalizations similar to the ones in the state of Pará. All seven states in the North region are urgently needed to expand sanitation, needing to increase the investment contribution by more than 50% to reach the goal. plansab universalization by 2033. This study offers an opportunity to contribute to understand that the northern region of the country does not follow the other states of Brazil, with regard to universal and equal access to sanitation.

The mangrove crab (Ucides cordatus Linnaeus, 1763) is one of the mangroves' most important socioeconomic resources, and this species is also of fundamental importance in nutrient cycling in the mangroves. However, its stocks have been declining along the Brazilian coast due to several anthropogenic factors. This study aimed to study the socioeconomic, ethnoecological knowledge and environmental perception of the uçá crab extractors in the municipality of Salvaterra, Ilha do Marajó, Pará, Brazil. For the selection of informants, we had the help of two key informants and the snowball technique. For data collection, interviews were applied with the aid of a semi-structured form, field notebook and non-participant observation, to measure the degree of perception of the crabs, the 5-point Likert scale was used. Statistical tests were applied to inform the ways in which socioeconomic variables can interfere in the interviewees' perception of the relationship with the mangrove crab and the mangrove. The results obtained show that 76.6% of respondents are from Salvaterra, with a monthly income obtained from the extraction of an average of R$ 558.85, with an average age of 42 years, 58.82% have completed elementary school. About 47.5% of the interviewees have characteristics that configure threat practices, creating a threat scenario for the sustainability of the uçá crab extraction in Salvaterra. As for the environmental perception about the uçá crab and mangroves, 52.9% have a perception, but some issues such as extraction during the species' reproductive season need to be improved. In view of the above, it is necessary to organize the uçá crab extraction process, as well as environmental education projects aimed at raising awareness of these collectors in relation to the mangrove and uçá crab.

In Southeast Pará, the process of diffusion and technological innovation is one of the alternatives for intensifying production in Settlement Projects, increasing productivity and reducing advances in the area of native forests. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the experience of innovation and technological diffusion, characterized by the insertion of new banana cultivars resistant to phytosanitary problems, as a way to reduce the advance of deforestation in the São Francisco Settlement Project, Southeast Pará, in a temporal universe comprised from 1990 to 2020. To do so, it first carried out a survey of deforestation in the study area through geoprocessing techniques, using remote sensing images and Geographic Information Systems. Subsequently, there was a crossing of deforestation rates with data referring to the historical context of insertion of new banana cultivars, raised from the documental analysis that involved the verification of data and documents from Embrapa and other official sources, as well as through contacts with producers and field visit to the study site. From 1990 to 2020 there was an estimated loss of 60% of forest cover in the PA São Francisco, representing about 5,000 hectares of vegetation converted to other uses. Crossing deforestation data and dates related to the historical context of insertion of new banana cultivars, even with the introduction of new cultivars as a way to reduce or contain deforestation, there was no effective reduction in the process, since that, in later years, the anthropized area increased and the native forest proportionally decreased. Logically, this increase in deforestation cannot be attributed only to the context of banana production, since an observed time series is also characterized by the cattle raising process in the Southeast of Pará and in the PA São Francisco itself. Despite this finding, a process of this diffusion process is highlighted, since the cultivars are still worked on in the study site. Thus, the importance of the integration and collaboration of public and private institutions and bodies that are articulated in the process of innovation and technological diffusion is highlighted; the need to know the reality of small producers in their work spaces and other public investments that actually intervene with methodologies and solutions for production over time.

Cooperatives have become an instrument of strength and socioeconomic organization for local communities in the face of capitalist modes of production, especially in the Amazon. The objective of this research was to identify the role of cooperatives for sustainability and the relationship between the way of working in cooperation. The study was carried out in two cooperatives in the municipality of Parauapebas and through field research, 21 cooperative members were interviewed, using forms containing questions about cooperatives, cooperative members and social, environmental and economic dimensions. Data were analyzed through organization in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets for information interpretation, grouping and production of graphs and tables. The results showed that the creation of cooperatives was motivated to meet production and mercantile needs and to strengthen the identity of farmers and artisans, given the socioeconomic changes in the place where they were inserted. In the socioeconomic sphere, cooperatives represent union, learning, improvements in production, income, adding value to products, professional and personal satisfaction, but they have some challenges related to transportation, lack of equipment and machinery, productive capacity (Cooper and "Mulheres de Barro”), expansion in the market, stability and difficulties in cooperative management (“Mulheres de Barro”). In the environmental dimension, it was identified that “Mulheres de Barro” performed better than Cooper, but in both there is the use of sustainable practices, as in Cooper with the use of permanent planting, soil protection and forest preservation on the properties of farmers and “Mulheres de Barro” with the use of renewable energy to dry the clay, reuse materials and recycling. This study showed that, in both, cooperative work contributes to local sustainability as it helps artisans and farmers to strengthen their activities, in addition to promoting the enhancement of their identities.

The global growth of urbanization causes ecological problems at different spatial scales: global, regional and local. One of the determining factors for the devastation of urban permanent preservation areas (APP's) is population pressure, often caused by migration and the implementation of large projects aimed at economic growth in the regions, thus, APP's are giving way to occupation human, without planning and without concern for the maintenance of this type of environment. Therefore, the main objective of this dissertation is to understand, in spatial and temporal terms, the occupation of APPs in urban rivers along the city of Marabá, state of Pará, using spatial data and geoprocessing and remote sensing tools. For this, a bibliographical research was carried out for the theoretical basis on the problem of APPs, analyzing the origin of the ecological function of protected areas, their role in the protection of water bodies in urban environments, as well as the evolution of legal provisions. The research, which has a qualitative, quantitative and bibliographic aspect, is organized into sub-themes that discuss about preservation areas in urban areas. land use and occupation with data provided by Mapbiomas.
Keywords:

This study interposes itself in contemporary debates on Public Policies and Indigenous Peoples. After the 1988 Constitution, social policies achieved evidence by obtaining institutional structure and resources. However, these practices were developed disregarding the phenomena and the global understanding of the different contexts in which indigenous peoples are inserted. The lack of holistic understanding leads to failures in the provision of care and protection practices to Indigenous Peoples. Thus, this work aims to analyze the state of the art of indigenous health and environmental policies in Brazil, considering the bibliographic productions and to generate an overview of the application of these policies. The study is exploratory and was produced qualitatively and quantitatively through a bibliographic survey in articles, information portals of the federal government, indigenous entities, international organizations and advice on Brazilian policies aimed at Indigenous Peoples related to health and the environment, since the colonial period up to the present time. It was possible to identify 147 health publications and 196 related to the environment, totaling 343 documents, distributed in 196 articles, 82 referring to indigenous health policies and 114 regarding environmental indigenous policies, the other publications are classified in the platforms such as doctoral theses, dossiers, master's dissertations and course completion papers, for example. It was noticed that indigenous policies aimed at increasing indigenous action and mobilization, anchored in the law and defense of the land, as well as other important demands, such as improvement health care and education. The Brazilian Federal Constitution, in art. 232, determines the recognition and respect for the social organization of the indigenous people and especially for the mother tongue. Convention 169 of the International Labor Organization (ILO) even protects the indigenous language, in order to preserve and promote its development and practice. In an attempt to strengthen this right, a basic Portuguese dictionary was created – Kayapó, an instrument that makes it possible to help professionals working in an intercultural context and as a possibility of preserving the Kayapó mother tongue for future generations.

Amazonian savannas have a predominance of grasses and variable density of trees and shrubs, high light intake and low humidity. In these places, bryophytes can provide important information on environmental quality, as they are sensitive to environmental fluctuations due to the absence of vascularization, epidermal cuticle and their poikilohydric nature. Thus, the objective of this study was to analyze the influence of seasonality and different environments on the structure of communities and on the reproductive structures of bryophytes in Park Savanna (PS) on Marajó Island. 60 plots of 100m² were also distributed in the dry/2016 and rainy/2017 season in five areas of PS. For community structure, the composition, density, richness and diversity of species between areas and seasons were tested, in addition to substrate colonization and light tolerance guilds. For reproductive strategies, we analyzed the influence of seasonality on the composition of species with monoicous and/or dioicous sexual system and on sexual and asexual reproductive structures in three areas of PS. The area was the main factor that influenced the composition, density, richness and diversity of bryophytes. The predominance of generalists and corticolous indicated that most species are tolerant of the adverse conditions of savannas and that the tree-shrub extract is strictly related to the permanence of bryophytes in savannas, respectively. The area and seasonality did not influence the composition of monoicous and dioicous species, however, the area significantly influenced the expression of sexual and asexual structures and the production of male and female gametangia (liverwort). As for sporophytes (mosses), seasonality was the determining factor in mature phenophase II (opening of sporophytes and dispersal of spores in the dry season). Therefore, it is believed that the micro-habitat of the different areas is the main factor that influences the structure of communities and the reproductive strategies of bryophytes, with the exception of sporophytes phenophase, influenced by seasonality.

The Amazon rainforest, the largest tropical forest in the world, holds one of the largest biodiversities and natural resources on the planet. In this way, conservation units were created in an attempt to protect these natural resources and ecosystem services associated with them. The UCs ensure the maintenance of a series of functions, the benefits of which are enjoyed by the population and economic sectors without realizing them. Considering such benefits, the term “ecosystem services” are the characteristics, functions or ecological processes that directly or indirectly contribute to human well-being. However, despite all the relevance of these services, there is still a scarcity of indicators that express their real benefits for human well-being. Therefore, the study in question aims to map ecosystem services and economic valuation according to the land use in the Reserva Biológica Nascentes da Serra do Cachimbo, located in the state of Pará, from 1985 to 2017. The methodology chosen was based on in the study by Burkhard et al. (2009), in the changes in land use patterns of the classification carried out by the MapBiomas Project and valuation of ecosystem services using the Benefit Transfer method, using value coefficients of ecosystem goods and services obtained by de Groot et al. (2012) and Costanza et al. (2014). The results found showed a high supply potential in this area, mainly in natural areas and the loss in the provision of regulation and cultural services in altered areas and a decrease of more than 25 thousand hectares of forest formation despite presenting ups and downs during the analyzed period and a loss of more than US$ 130 million in relation to ecosystem services from 1985 to 2017, possibly due to the change in natural patterns of use within this conservation unit. It is concluded, therefore, that monitoring and valuation, in addition to indicating that the area has its ecosystem services threatened and need attention, attaches value to the benefits provided by the forest, as a way of stimulating the creation of public policies and sensitizing the community about the relevance of natural resources and intangible services provided by the forest, which are essential for the maintenance of the biome and for ensuring the quality of life of the population

The dissertation address questions related to sustainability applied to the management of solid waste in a supermarket located in the city of Belém, in the state of Pará. The objective was to analyze the reverse logistics (RL) and circular economy (CE) practices implemented in the company and how these activities corroborate for a sustainability establishment. The RL practices that promote the circularity of the management of plastic, cardboard and aluminum waste and organic bovine waste from the company's butcher shop were analyzed. A qualitative and quantitative approach was used to explore the retail chain in focus and the relationship with its surroundings. In the case of bone and fat residues generated by the supermarket's butcher, it was found that they are destined for the production of animal feed through a reverse logistics system, resulting in circularity of the material, as determined by the CE. During the evaluation period, 28,191 kg of organic waste from the butcher shop were collected and sold, generating a revenue of R$ 8654.60. Through the quantification of plastic, cardboard and aluminum residues, collected and directed to the reverse flow and the use of Material Imput (MI) calculation for indirect assessment of environmental impacts, it was verified that the recovery of these residues avoided the amount of 73,213 to the environment. kg, preventing 8,051,699.72 kg of abiotic and biotic material, water and air from being impacted by the production or irregular disposition of these materials. Furthermore, this process generated gross revenue of R$ 48,212.70. It was concluded that the RL system implemented in the supermarket is efficient and resulted in environmental gains due to the mitigation of impacts on the environment, economic gains from the sale of these materials for the recycling process and social gains due to the promotion of jobs and income related to established sustainability practices.

This study aimed to analyze the mining activity in the Brazilian Amazon, focusing on the state of Pará, discussing three socioeconomic and environmental scenarios of the mining Amazon and its complexities that hamper regional sustainability. For this analysis, data acquired through bibliographic, documentary research and websites of official agencies were used. As a statistical method, Principal Component Analysis, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis was used as well as the descriptive analysis, which was developed by the computational code Arcmap® and treated in Excel, which allowed to reveal, through maps, tables and graphs, the expression of Mining Amazon in the state of Pará. In the first scenario, the data treated and discussed showed a low level of efficiency in the application of mining royalties in the mining-based municipalities of the state of Pará. In the second scenario, the expansion of mining in indigenous lands was noted, ratifying the expansionist paradigm and incompatible with sustainability in the region. In the third scenario, the results show that despite the recent tragedies with mining dams that have occurred in the country, inspection for legal compliance and compliance with established standards is still limited and very dependent on the monitoring of the mining companies themselves, which increases the potential for degradation to environment and collective health in the face of ore exploration. The conflicts of interest between mining policy and those directly affected by this activity in the Amazon have provoked great national and international discussions that demand attention. Thus, this research can contribute to an analysis of the effects of mining activity in the Amazon, suggesting effective ways of communicating scientific knowledge to the country's decision makers in order to mitigate current gaps between science, the productive sector and public policies, which may favor sustainability goals in the Brazilian Amazon.

In the Amazon region, mangroves are subject to several local and regional factors, which change along the Brazilian coast. These environmental factors are essential for structural development and for the establishment of some species. Thus, a vegetation structure is the result of regional and local interactions that may reflect the patterns of distribution of mangroves. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the floristic and structural composition of the mangrove tree on the island of Marajó. Ten 400m2 plots were delimited along two zones (free and inland) in the mangroves of Salvaterra, measuring height and CAP variables of tree species. The invented individuals were grouped into classes of diameter and height, calculated for the adjustment and phytosociological parameters of the species. Of the ten species found in mangroves, seven were typical of other ecosystems, in terms of structure and richness, with no significant difference between zones. Believe that the influence of the adjacent ecosystem and the Marajó hydrological network, may be inducing or establishing other species. The low relief and high frequency of macro brands, can be affected in the statistics of the studied areas. This analysis is essential for the planning of biodiversity conservation policies and management plans for these mango trees, as just as the vegetation has particularities, it is believed that the form of use changes.

Palm trees dominate the Amazon landscape. For example, there is the tucumã-do-pará (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.), a semidomesticated species that attracts the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic segments. Important in the structure and functioning of several ecosystems and has high cultural value for traditional peoples. Given its importance, the objective of this work was to know the structure and spatial distribution of this species, and to understand the effect of environmental gradients on the occurrence in the municipality of Salvaterra, on the island of Marajó, Pará. The study was conducted in 11 communities of residents, distributed in five different physiognomies, in which 42 sample units were established in which biometric information was mapped and collected from all individuals and categorized by height classes, subsequently submitted to statistical analysis. The results found showed that the tucumã-do-pará showed typical density of the species with abundance of juveniles and aggregate spatial distribution pattern for all studied physiognomies. In addition, environmental variables such as slope, geomorphology, pedology and distance from individuals to rivers were shown to be linked to variations in growth and development of the morphological characteristics of this species. Finally, the high occurrence value of this species in the physiognomies found may be linked to the land use system, contributing to the formation of environments favorable to its development.

This work aimed to carry out a study on the environmental condition of the coastal region of the municipality of Salinópolis, Pará, considering the bioindication by zooplankton, mapping of freshwater and the environmental perception of visitors and workers on the main beaches, in 2019. The study area comprised the beaches of Atalaia, Farol Velho, Maçarico, Corvina and Marieta beach, located in the municipality of Maracanã. For the collection of zooplankton, vertical drags were carried out using a plankton net (180 µm mesh) at 4 m depth, in the months of February, April, June, August, October and December, also measuring physical- water chemicals (salinity, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, temperature and atmospheric pressure). It was possible to observe a seasonal pattern in the coastal region of Salinópolis and that, mainly, variations in rainfall indexes influenced abiotic factors. Species of Acartia sp. and Paracalanus sp. demonstrated to be generalist and resistant, however, the low levels of dissolved oxygen can be limiting for some copepod organisms. As for environmental perception, semi-structured questionnaires were applied to 500 visitors and 48 traders, with socioeconomic aspects being addressed and they behave in the face of environmental issues. The beach environment is considered democratic and in common use by the people, however, it was possible to verify that the beaches showed socioeconomic differences, where the beach of the watchtower and the old lighthouse had a monthly income between 5 to 10 minimum wages, which may be related to the fact that they are located far from the center of Salinópolis. Regarding the environmental perception of users, both tourists and traders are informed about what is solid waste and that there is an effort on the part of the government in cleaning the beaches, but this did not absent the perception of the presence of marine waste in the environment, the which indicates the need for awareness and environmental education measures. The sewage sources that would go directly to the coastal region were mapped and georeferenced, being quantified 107 effluent outlets, characterized as wolf-mouths, ditches, pipes and pipes of homes, restaurants and hotels. The highest number of sewage dumps was recorded at Praia do Atalaia (n = 43) and Farol Velho (n = 38), being the ones that receive the most tourists, which emphasizes the need to implement the municipal sanitation plan of the municipality and the inspection of buildings by the sea. Thus, as a result of this research, an educational booklet about pollution and marine organisms was created, which will serve to raise environmental awareness among residents and tourists in the Salinópolis region, aiming at reducing pollutants and preserving the marine environment.

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) or neglected infectious diseases are diseases that mainly affect people in a situation of socioeconomic vulnerability, who often live in places of precarious conditions, without attention from the public authorities. The objective of this research was to analyze the context of NTDs under socioeconomic and environmental aspects in the Legal Amazon. With data provided by the Municipal Health Secretariats (Abaetetuba and Barcarena), in addition to data provided by the National Notification System (SINAN), it was possible to create a database on the most frequent NTDs in these municipalities, in the Amazonian capitals and in the municipalities that make up the Marajó Archipelago, which is an ecological, descriptive, and time series study, from the period 2007 to 2016. In addition to these data, socioeconomic and environmental data were obtained through the FIRJAN Municipal Development Index (IFDM), Brazilian Institute Geography and Statistics (IBGE) and National Sanitation Information System (SNIS). The data obtained were organized in Excel spreadsheets for the application of descriptive statistics and multivariate statistics - analysis of main components and hierarchical analysis of clusters -, to carry out statistical analysis. With the aid of the Qgis program, it was possible to map the diseases reported in the municipalities of Marajó. The most frequent NTDs in the Legal Amazon are Chagas disease, dengue, tuberculosis, visceral leishmaniasis and American cutaneous leishmaniasis. All the municipalities analyzed had at least two NTDs. The capital cities' MHDI did not present indices so low that they could justify such notifications. However, in the other municipalities studied, they were quite consistent with the local reality. Studies have shown an association between notified NTDs and population growth and poor health conditions. It is believed that a way to change this epidemiological reality in the Amazon is to elaborate and implement public policies, with financial planning, which seeks to carry out viable and effective projects and programs, offering constant services of basic sanitation, drinking water and health education for all the population.